{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T23:22:58Z","timestamp":1790724178686,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n                    's bark is a renowned medicinal plant material within the Indian subcontinent. Ultrasound\u2010assisted extraction (UAE) of\n                    <jats:italic>Terminalia arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n                    bark was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with methanol as the extraction solvent. Methanol was selected for its ability to efficiently solubilize phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which are major contributors to the bark's bioactivity. A Box\u2013Behnken design was followed to model the effects of temperature, solvent\u2010to\u2010solid ratio, extraction time and sonication power on the yield. The optimized UAE conditions produced an extract with a yield of 12.09%, which was highly enriched in phenolic (442.2\u2009\u00b1\u200916.2\u2009mg GAE\/g) and flavonoid (294.6\u2009\u00b1\u20098.1\u2009mg QE\/g) compounds, demonstrating the method's efficiency for targeted phytochemical recovery. Proximate and mineral analysis revealed the bark's nutritional composition and its content of essential minerals like calcium (86.27\u2009\u00b1\u20091.43\u2009mg\/kg) and iron (16.03\u2009\u00b1\u20091.21\u2009mg\/kg). The extract exhibited significant in\u00a0vitro antioxidant activity, with an IC\u2085\u2080 of 186.4\u2009\u03bcg\/mL in the DPPH assay and 24.4\u2009\u03bcM Fe (II) equivalents in the FRAP assay. The study demonstrates that UAE is an efficient technique for obtaining a phytochemically rich extract from\n                    <jats:italic>T. arjuna<\/jats:italic>\n                    bark, which shows antioxidant potential.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71232","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T07:14:17Z","timestamp":1764227657000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Optimization of Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Methanolic Extraction of\n                    <i>Terminalia arjuna<\/i>\n                    Bark Using Response Surface Methodology and Characterization of the Extract"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hafsa","family":"Tahir","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences University of Management and Technology  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8610-2686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Nadeem","family":"Akhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1400-4825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamid","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy University of Punjab  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Jawad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Health Services Academy  Islamabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9047-9075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Afzaal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Manashree","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Science, School of Sciences JAIN (Deemed to Be University)  Bangalore Karnataka India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apurav","family":"Gautam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research Impact &amp; Outcome Chitkara University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chitkara University  Rajpura Punjab India"},{"name":"Sharda School of Pharmacy Sharda University  Greater Noida India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6935-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fakhar","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Government College University  Faisalabad Pakistan"},{"name":"Institute of Food Sciences Nur International University  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2695-8466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine Tamale","family":"Ndagire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Innovation and Nutrition Mountains of the Moon University  Fort Portal Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/separations11070205"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ep.13152"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15440478.2021.1916655"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/2221\u20101691.283000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2016.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC International","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16796"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452\u2010021\u201004257\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.18.0217"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"45","article-title":"Phytochemical and Pharmacological Evaluation of Terminalia Arjuna Bark","volume":"12","author":"Daimary N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2023.05.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40011\u2010020\u201001220\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2220031"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14030612"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2018.v11i8.26306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010021\u201014494\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaim.2021.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2215083807666210527112521"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17582\/journal.sja\/2022\/38.2.676.684"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/2212711905666190225111125"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22159\/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.20983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24896\/eijppr.2016615"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.116352"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtcme.2017.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452\u2010024\u201006344\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.132597"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","first-page":"22","article-title":"Effects of Extraction Methods and Solvent Systems on Extract Yield, Proximate Composition and Mineral Profiling of Terminalia Arjuna (Arjuna) Dry Powders and Solvent Extracts","volume":"7","author":"Meena D. 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