{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:48:33Z","timestamp":1774313313258,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Coffee's health effects are well studied, but its relationship with gastrointestinal diseases (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) remains unclear, particularly with the frequent use of sweeteners. A prospective cohort of 147,263 participants without pre\u2010existing\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was analyzed. Coffee intake, assessed via a 24\u2010h dietary recall, was categorized as unsweetened, naturally sweetened, or artificially sweetened. Incident\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    were identified through medical records. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HRs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and 95% confidence intervals (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CIs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ). Genetic predisposition was assessed using polygenic risk scores (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PRS<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ), with subgroup and sensitivity analyses conducted for robustness. Over a 12.6\u2010year median follow\u2010up, 29,118 incident\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GIDs<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    occurred. Unsweetened coffee showed a dose\u2010dependent, U\u2010shaped association with lower\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    risk (P\u2010non\u2010linear &lt;\u20090.001), with the lowest risk at 2\u20134 cups\/day (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">HR<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    : 0.84, 95%\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CI<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    : 0.81\u20130.88). Naturally sweetened coffee had limited benefits, while artificial sweeteners showed inconsistent associations. Protective effects were observed for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GERD<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , gastritis\/duodenitis, and biliary diseases. Unsweetened coffee mitigated genetic\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    risk, with significant additive interactions for diverticulosis and cirrhosis. Findings were robust across subgroup and sensitivity analyses. Unsweetened coffee consumption is associated with a lower\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GID<\/jats:styled-content>\n                    risk, supporting its inclusion in dietary recommendations. Further studies are needed to clarify underlying mechanisms and validate findings in diverse populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71271","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T09:22:42Z","timestamp":1764235362000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Coffee Consumption and Risk of Incident Gastrointestinal Disease: A Large Prospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shenxuan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2386-1503","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fulan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shenzhen University Medical School  Shenzhen Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiping","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinhua Center for Disease Control and Prevention  Jinhua Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine, Zhuhai Campus of Zunyi Medical University  Zhuhai Guangdong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dapeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health of Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7533-9119","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Minjie","family":"Chu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3866-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health Nantong University  Nantong Jiangsu China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2020.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010019\u201013526\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010018\u20100749\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/js9.0000000000001902"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.940027"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rgmx.2019.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010018\u20100579\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2024.113478"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14266"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010024\u201008457\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092693"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12010111"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0029665116002846"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.4.682"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010nutr\u2010071816\u2010064941"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094715"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09637480802668471"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m688"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","volume-title":"Drinking Coffee, Mate, and Very Hot Beverages","author":"Humans I. 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