{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T17:38:51Z","timestamp":1792431531747,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by immune dysregulation, leading to tissue inflammation and damage. Tolerogenic dendritic cells (DCs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs) play critical roles in restoring immune balance, and their dysfunction is implicated in SLE pathogenesis. This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lactobacillus delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    on DC function and T cell subset differentiation in SLE patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated from SLE patients and healthy controls. Mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLRs) were performed to evaluate the effects of DCs treated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , or their combination on T cell differentiation. Expression of immune markers (FOXP3, TGF\u2010\u03b2, IL\u201010, ROR\u2010\u03b3t, IL\u201017, T\u2010bet, IFN\u2010\u03b3, GATA3, IL\u20104) was quantified using real\u2010time PCR, and Treg, Th1, and Th17 populations were assessed via flow cytometry. Probiotic\u2010treated DCs significantly increased Treg populations and FOXP3 and TGF\u2010\u03b2 expression in SLE patients compared to healthy controls, with the combined probiotic treatment showing the most pronounced effect. Th17 and Th1 cell populations, along with ROR\u2010\u03b3t and IFN\u2010\u03b3 expression, were significantly reduced in probiotic\u2010treated groups, particularly in SLE patients. IL\u201010 expression increased but did not reach statistical significance.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. delbrueckii<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    promote tolerogenic DC function, enhancing Treg induction and suppressing pro\u2010inflammatory Th17 and Th1 responses in SLE. The synergistic effect of combined probiotics suggests their potential as a complementary therapy for immune modulation in autoimmune diseases. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm their efficacy and safety in SLE management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T11:18:07Z","timestamp":1764587887000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Induction of Lupus T Cell Subset by Probiotics\u2010Matured Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Ahmadi\u2010Khorram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Mahmoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramiar Kamal","family":"Kheder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science University of Raparin  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"},{"name":"Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science Tishk International University  Erbil Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Rastin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-8712-0165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Hatami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Afsane","family":"Fadaee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9371-4170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed\u2010Alireza","family":"Esmaeili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Immunology Research Center Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad Iran"},{"name":"Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine Mashhad University of Medical Sciences  Mashhad 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