{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T03:06:57Z","timestamp":1780628817047,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) is highly prevalent in Ghana. Yet, knowledge of context\u2010specific risk factors remains limited. This study investigated the prevalence and risk factors of IDA among 394 pregnant women (aged 15\u201349\u2009years) attending antenatal care at Ejura Municipal Hospital. A cross\u2010sectional design guided by Engel's biopsychosocial model was employed. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and IDA status was determined via hemoglobin (Hb) levels or a full blood count, following the WHO definition of anemia (Hb\u2009&lt;\u200911.0\u2009g\/dL). Overall and subgroup prevalence were estimated, and risk factors were analyzed using logistic regression. Participants' ages ranged from 15 to 46\u2009years, with a mean of 29\u2009years. About 46.5% were 30\u2009years or older, 67.0% resided in Hiawoanwu and Mpaebo, and 48.7% were Ewe or Sisala. The prevalence of IDA was 81.0%, indicating a high burden. Unemployed women were 3.55 times more likely to be anemic than farmers (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]\u2009=\u20093.55, 95% CI: 1.41\u20138.91,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), and women not taking malaria prophylaxis were more likely to be anemic than those who did (AOR\u2009=\u20092.19, 95% CI: 1.19\u20134.04,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.01), after adjusting for age, ethnicity, and residence. The study identified both established and context\u2010specific risk factors, highlighting the need to revise educational guidelines, implement skills training, and replicate research in other settings. The high prevalence of IDA underscores its significance as a critical public health issue.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T09:21:49Z","timestamp":1764062509000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence and Risk Factors of Iron Deficiency Anemia in Pregnancy in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Betty","family":"Osei\u2010Ntiamoah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Ashanti Regional Hospital, Ghana Health Service  Kumasi Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9876-679X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yvonne","family":"Nartey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Ameyaw","family":"Korsah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Adult Health, School of Nursing and Midwifery University of Ghana  Legon Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250350"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271211"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/fns.2019.109076"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00469580221086919"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18203\/2394\u20106040.ijcmph20190577"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15167\/2421\u20104248\/jpmh2021.62.3.1880"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0250246"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010023\u201006169\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X20932426"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0253\u20107176.116232"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(18)30078\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.847460"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100745"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13690\u2010021\u201000711\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajme.2014.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0267005"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104\u2010017\u20102605\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service (GSS) Ghana Health Service (GHS) and I.2018.\u201cGhana Maternal Health Survey 2017.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781107415324.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_20_1","unstructured":"Ghanaregions.com.2022.\u201cAshanti Region Profile.\u201dAccessed February 7 2023.https:\/\/ghanaregions.com."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_21_1","unstructured":"GSS GHS and I.2023.\u201cGhana Demographic and Health Survey 2022: Key Indicattors Report. Accra Ghana and Rockville Maryland USA: GSS and ICF. 5\u201324.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2169\u20100138.1000158"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/mjcu.2020.104625"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795\u2010019\u20100303\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032\u2010021\u201000534\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1755\u20101315\/125\/1\/012195"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010018\u20101739\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889\u2010018\u20105704\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.35841\/aajphn\u20106.1.138"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14834"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8497892"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S146342362100061X"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745505717716860"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1846280"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214\u2010109X(13)70001\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgwh.2023.1140867"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH182312799"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_38_1","unstructured":"UNFPA.2020.\u201cMaternal Health.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104614\u20107918\u20105_6."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_39_1","unstructured":"UNICEF.2021.\u201cMaternal Mortality Rates and Statistics\u2014UNICEF DATA.\u201dAccessed March 31 2025. UNICEF Data website.https:\/\/data.unicef.org\/topic\/maternal\u2010health\/maternal\u2010mortality\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_40_1","unstructured":"USAID.2018.\u201cPrevention of Maternal Anaemia.\u201dAccessed August 3 2022.https:\/\/www.mchip.net\/interventions\/maternal\u2010health\/prevention\u2010maternal\u2010anemia\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884\u2010019\u20102644\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_42_1","unstructured":"WHO.2014.\u201cAnaemia\u2014Definition.\u201dAccessed December 5 2024.https:\/\/www.who.int\/health\u2010topics\/anaemia#tab=tab_1."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_43_1","unstructured":"WHO.2020.\u201cMaternal Mortality.\u201dAccessed August 2 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/maternal\u2010mortality."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_44_1","unstructured":"WHO.2021.\u201cAnaemia in Women and Children.\u201dAccessed August 21 2022.https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/topics\/anaemia_in_women_and_children."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_45_1","unstructured":"WHO.2023.\u201cAnaemia data.pdf.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_15_46_1","unstructured":"WHO.2024.\u201cGuideline on Haemoglobin Cutoffs to Define Anaemia in Individuals and Populations.\u201dIn Sustainability (Switzerland) (11). WHO.https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK602198\/pdf\/Bookshelf_NBK602198.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_15_47_1","unstructured":"World Medical Association.1974. \u201cWMA Declaration of Helsinki: Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects.\u201d353 no.1:1418\u20131419.http:\/\/www.wma.net\/en\/30publications\/10policies\/b3\/index.html."}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71293","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.71293","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71293","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T13:39:46Z","timestamp":1771421986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.71293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.71293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.71293","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-04-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-25","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71293"}}