{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T05:15:56Z","timestamp":1778735756166,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765152000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Vitamin A deficiency (VAD) affects children under 5\u2009years of age and leads to deaths predominantly in low\u2010 and middle\u2010income countries (LMICs). VAD remains a significant public health concern in Somalia. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the determinants of VAD among children under five in Somalia using country representative data. Therefore, this study investigates the determinants of adequate vitamin A (VA) consumption among Somali children aged 6\u201323\u2009months, using data from the first\u2010ever Somalia Demographic Health Survey (SDHS) 2020. Secondary data were extracted from SDHS\u20102020, and after removing the missing observations, a sample of 7344 children aged 6\u201323\u2009months was considered in this study. The Chi\u2010squared test is used to identify the association between the target variable and covariates. A multilevel analysis was conducted on a sample of 7344 children, examining individual\u2010level (maternal education, wealth, breastfeeding status, VAS history) and community\u2010level (region, urban\/rural) factors associated with good VA consumption, defined as consuming at least one VA\u2010rich food item in the previous 24\u2009h. Mixed\u2010effects logistic regression models were used to account for data clustering. A significant proportion of children (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =\u20094488, 61.1%) did not consume VA\u2010rich foods. Key predictors of consuming VA\u2010rich foods included maternal provision of vitamin A supplements in the past 6 months (AOR\u2009=\u20093.1, 95% CI: 2.6\u20133.7) and current breastfeeding status. Children residing in the Sool region demonstrated higher odds of receiving VA, while higher maternal education and middle\u2010income status were associated with lower odds of receiving VA, indicating that these factors inversely impacted the consumption of vitamin A. Community\u2010level variance highlighted the importance of contextual factors. The findings highlight the importance of sustained VAS programs and breastfeeding promotion in combating VAD in Somalia. Mothers' education and media exposure should be increased to lessen the burden of VAD. Addressing socioeconomic disparities and tailoring interventions to regional contexts are crucial for improving child nutrition outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T11:47:05Z","timestamp":1765194425000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Determinants of Vitamin A Consumption Among Children Aged 6\u201323 Months in Somalia: A Multilevel Analysis of\n                    <scp>SDHS<\/scp>\n                    2020"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Abdirahman Omer","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amoud University College of Health Science School of Medicine  Borama Somalia"},{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Amoud University  Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abdisalam Mahdi","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amoud University College of Health Science School of Medicine  Borama Somalia"},{"name":"Office of Community Services Amoud University  Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hawa Dahir","family":"Mahamoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amoud University College of Health Science School of Medicine  Borama Somalia"},{"name":"Office of Community Services Amoud University  Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nimco Mahamoud","family":"Barakale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amoud University College of Health Science School of Medicine  Borama Somalia"},{"name":"Office of Community Services Amoud University  Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Muhyadin Yusuf","family":"Dahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Postgraduate Studies and Research, Amoud University  Borama Somalia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3593-6936","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Moyazzem","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Data Science Jahangirnagar University  Savar Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"356","article-title":"Socio\u2010Demographic and Economic Factors Affecting Vitamin A Supplementation Among Children in Yaqshid District Somalia","volume":"35","author":"Ali I.","year":"2022","journal-title":"African Journal of Health Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU14235038"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-022-00573-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15562948.2011.547827"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","unstructured":"Directorate of National Statistics FG of S.2020.\u201cSomali Health and Demographic Survey 2020.\u201dhttps:\/\/nbs.gov.so\/somali\u2010health\u2010and\u2010demographic\u2010survey\u20102020\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/16070658.2007.11734139"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/02601060241294133"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2190-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","unstructured":"FSNAU.\u201cSomalia Micro\u2010Nutrient Study|FSNAU.\u201dhttps:\/\/fsnau.org\/in\u2010focus\/somalia\u2010micro\u2010nutrient\u2010study."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0261959"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.128132"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","first-page":"1115","article-title":"Child Nutrition Requires Affordable Healthy Food","volume":"380","author":"Hossain M. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science (1979)"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11607-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40795\u2010019\u20100325\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/JN\/137.5.1320"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","unstructured":"McLean E. J.White J.Krasevec andR.Kupka.2018.\u201cCoverage at a Crossroads: New Directions for Vitamin A Supplementation Programmes \u2010 UNICEF DATA.\u201dhttps:\/\/data.unicef.org\/resources\/vitamin\u2010a\u2010coverage\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12913\u2010022\u201008264\u2010Z\/TABLES\/6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oumer M. M. Z.Mengestu S.Yitayih M.Mequanent andA.Molla.2020.\u201cThe Determinant of National Vitamin A Supplementation in Ethiopia: A Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis.\u201d","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-17477\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/INFDIS\/JIAA597"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","article-title":"Khalif Bile \u2010 Sweden KAJ\u2010S. 24.G. 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