{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:38:45Z","timestamp":1791632325072,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Grape seed proanthocyanidins (GSP), well\u2010known dietary nutrients for public health, have been reported to alleviate diabetic retinopathy, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Eight\u2010week\u2010old C57BL\/6 mice were used. They were fed a high\u2010fat diet and intraperitoneally injected with 50\u2009mg\/kg streptozotocin for five consecutive days to induce diabetes. One week later, 500\u2009mg\/kg GSP was given as a dietary supplement for 12 consecutive weeks in diabetic mice. Retinal degeneration, oxidative stress, and nuclear factor erythroid 2\u2010related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling pathway were assessed. GSP significantly reduced body weight and fasting blood glucose in diabetic mice. Diabetic retinopathy\u2010impaired thickness of retina was also increased by GSP supplementation. Moreover, the expressions of vascular endothelial growth factor and glial fibrillary acidic protein induced by diabetic retinopathy were remarkably reduced by GSP. Furthermore, diabetic retinopathy\u2010provoked oxidative stress, including over\u2010production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde, and attenuated activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were all restored by GSP. Additionally, GSP also activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway, which was inhibited by diabetic retinopathy. These findings demonstrate that GSP ameliorates diabetic retinopathy by reducing oxidative stress, in which the Nrf2 signaling pathway is likely involved. This suggests that GSP might serve as a potential retina\u2010protective candidate for diabetic retinopathy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]],"date-time":"2025-12-16T11:37:46Z","timestamp":1765885066000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Protect Against Diabetic Retinopathy in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Linlin","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University  Rizhao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University  Rizhao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinghua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology People's Hospital of Rizhao, Jining Medical University  Rizhao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4994-6962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Rizhao Central Hospital  Rizhao Shandong China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2017.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125\u2010019\u20104838\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(09)62124\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2023.109650"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/aps.2015.120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101799"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/43603"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12272\u2010020\u201001272\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00029330-200812020-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.1c00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.112.270520"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154\u2010008\u20109090\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000015515"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2007.130542"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108999"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102435"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/109662003772519831"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.111274"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2020.103861"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; 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