{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T23:10:05Z","timestamp":1789168205071,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773878400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82200815"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82200815"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) affects over 40% of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet effective preventive strategies remain limited. Although low\u2010carbohydrate dietary (LCD) shows promise in glycemic control, their association with DKD prevalence is poorly understood. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between LCD adherence and DKD risk in a nationally representative T2DM population. 4558 adults with T2DM from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included (NHANES, 2009\u20132018). LCD adherence was quantified using the validated Low\u2010Carbohydrate Diet Score (LCDS, range 0\u201330), calculated from two 24\u2010h dietary recalls. DKD was defined as albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio\u2009\u2265\u200930\u2009mg\/g or estimated glomerular filtration rate\u2009&lt;\u200960\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    . Restricted cubic splines (RCS) modeled non\u2010linear associations, and weighted multivariable logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the relationship between LCDS and the prevalence of DKD in T2DM patients, along with stratified analyses to assess the interaction of the results. The mean LCDS was 12.058, with higher scores in males, high\u2010income individuals, and insulin users (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). RCS revealed a linear inverse association between LCDS and DKD prevalence (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for nonlinearity\u2009=\u20090.490). In fully adjusted models, participants in the highest LCDS tertile (T3 vs. T1) had 21.5% lower DKD prevalence (OR\u2009=\u20090.785; 95% CI, 0.628\u20130.982;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.034). Stratified analyses demonstrated no significant interaction effects between LCDS and covariates including age, sex, body mass index, or HbA1c (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for interaction &gt;\u20090.05). These findings highlight that higher LCDS was inversely associated with DKD prevalence in patients with T2DM. Future prospective studies should validate causality and optimize LCD protocols for renal protection.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T09:12:09Z","timestamp":1773911529000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Relationship Between a Low\u2010Carbohydrate Diet and the Prevalence of Diabetic Kidney Disease in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wuyu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuoxing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology  Kunming China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9714-9543","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiang","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology People's Hospital of Xindu District  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine Chengdu Medical College  Chengdu China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.10924"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.11491116"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2024-004101"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00631.2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-018-1636-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-025-02610-1"},{"issue":"184","key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2015\u20102018: Sample Design and Estimation Procedures","author":"Chen T. 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