{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T12:16:31Z","timestamp":1793362591803,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    \u03b1\u2010Glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) are compounds used to treat type 2 diabetes (T2D) by preventing the breakdown of dietary starch into monosaccharides, which reduces their absorption by the body and lowers blood glucose levels. AGIs often cause gastrointestinal issues such as diarrhea and flatulence due to excessive \u03b1\u2010amylase inhibition, leading to excess residual starch reaching the colon and being fermented by microbes. There is a need to prospect for novel AGIs that are effective and have fewer adverse effects. This study investigated the potential of citrus\u2010derived flavonoids as AGIs targeting amylolytic enzymes: \u03b1\u2010amylase and \u03b1\u2010glucosidase. Firstly, flavonoids were extracted from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Citrus reticulata<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (tangerines) peels using an ultrasound\u2010assisted methanolic procedure, followed by C18 column\u2010purification and profiling with liquid chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry. Select citrus peel\u2010derived flavonoids, quercetin (\u22129.2\u2009kcal\/mol) and rutin (\u221210.8\u2009kcal\/mol), and the commercial AGI, acarbose (\u22128.7\u2009kcal\/mol), showed strong binding affinities against \u03b1\u2010glucosidase. Molecular dynamics simulations of the compounds were also assessed, revealing flexibility and stability in response to ligand interactions with the \u03b1\u2010glucosidase. The in silico data correlated positively with the results from the in\u00a0vitro inhibition assays; acarbose (Ki\u2009=\u20090.14\u2009mg\/mL), quercetin (Ki\u2009=\u20090.12\u2009mg\/mL) and rutin (Ki\u2009=\u20090.19\u2009mg\/mL) recorded low inhibition constant values. The cytotoxicity profile of the selected compounds was also conducted on Caco\u20102 cells, with flavonoids showing no significant cytotoxic effects. Flavonoids could be used as AGIs with minimal gastrointestinal impacts, reducing residual starch entering the colon and decreasing glucose uptake.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71499","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,2]],"date-time":"2026-02-02T05:37:23Z","timestamp":1770010643000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\u03b1\u2010Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Citrus reticulata<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Peel\u2010Derived Flavonoids\u2014A Prelude for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4561-3308","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Itumeleng T.","family":"Baloyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics &amp; Microbiology University of Pretoria  Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7710-2334","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali H.","family":"Rabbad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics &amp; Microbiology University of Pretoria  Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntombenhle H.","family":"Gama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics &amp; Microbiology University of Pretoria  Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0729-5393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samkelo","family":"Malgas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Genetics &amp; Microbiology University of Pretoria  Hatfield South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201068176\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2021.112183"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42717"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978\u20101\u20104939\u20102269\u20107_19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22034\/APJCP.2018.19.6.1697"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205\u2010021\u201002717\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24173073"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13880209.2017.1414857"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4md00844h"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.09.122"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"107","article-title":"Evaluation of Clonal Herbs of Lamiaceae Species for Management of Diabetes and Hypertension","volume":"15","author":"Kwon Y.\u2010I. 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