{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:07:47Z","timestamp":1790690867924,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Recent studies suggest that an imbalance in the gut microbiota, known as dysbiosis, may affect inflammation. The Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota (DI\u2010GM) is a new measure of dietary quality that reflects gut microbiota diversity and abundance. However, its association with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) remains unclear. This study explored the relationship between DI\u2010GM and the risk of developing PID. This cross\u2010sectional study analyzed data from 4539 women aged 18\u201359\u2009years obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) database for the period of 2013\u20132018. To explore the association between DI\u2010GM and PID, we employed weighted multivariable linear and logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analyses. Additionally, mediation analysis was conducted to assess the influence of anti\u2010 and pro\u2010inflammatory dietary patterns, represented by the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), on the relationship between DI\u2010GM and PID. Among the eligible participants, 255 (5.62%) had PID. A higher proportion of participants with lower DI\u2010GM scores experienced PID. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed a negative association between DI\u2010GM and the risk of PID, regardless of whether the independent variable was considered a continuous variable or in quartiles in the fully adjusted model (Model 3, continuous variable: OR\u2009=\u20090.87, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.79\u20130.96,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012; Q3 vs. Q1: OR\u2009=\u20090.58, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.36\u20130.94,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.036; Q4 vs. Q1: OR\u2009=\u20090.55, 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.35\u20130.87,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for trend\u2009=\u20090.018). The RCS curves demonstrated a non\u2010linear relationship between the DI\u2010GM scores and PID risk. Subgroup analyses indicated an inverse correlation between DI\u2010GM and PID risk across various covariates. Mediation analysis showed that inflammatory dietary patterns accounted for 26.82% of the mediation proportion in the association between DI\u2010GM and PID. These results indicate that higher DI\u2010GM scores are correlated with a decreased risk of PID. Inflammatory dietary patterns may mediate the association between DI\u2010GM and PID, suggesting that restoring gut homeostasis and health through dietary interventions may prevent or ameliorate PID.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T05:34:41Z","timestamp":1771565681000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Association Between Dietary Index for Gut Microbiota and the Risk of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Mediating Role of Anti\u2010 and Pro\u2010Inflammatory Dietary Patterns"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yanjing","family":"Bao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, the Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianyue","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Second School of Clinical Medicine Southern Medical University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianyang","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine Center, the Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Southern Medical University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Hua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology, the Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Southern Medical University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, the Affiliated Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital of Jinan University  Guangzhou People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902\u2010024\u201001708\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/an.114.007450"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy013"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl\u20102020\u2010322670"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1411426"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1430730"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.945762"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncrna.2025.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2016.03.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136728"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1514209"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1336496"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356\u2010023\u201030176\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1273509"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1591799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.14315"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.1300"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16071045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423\u2010020\u201000625\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2018.05.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6603a3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905\u2010015\u20100188\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1528677"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/d4fo04649h"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20960\/nh.04975"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098\u2010025\u201001801\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz078"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905\u2010023\u201002214\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2025.128211"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17060948"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1573636"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.10.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2024.12.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2018.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27113400"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010285.pub3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2516702"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876\u2010025\u201004021\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980013002115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2022.109254"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2025.119461"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937\u2010025\u201001162\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1472616"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2483780"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k2179"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281\u2010018\u20100716\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.16188"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2024.112665"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2025.102918"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8101587"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1583805"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406\u2010024\u201001912\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2023.100470"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi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