{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T14:07:02Z","timestamp":1790690822159,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Lycium barbarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L. (Goji) berries are highly valued for their nutritional and nutraceutical properties, largely due to their sugar and amino acid content. This study analyzed organically cultivated berries from southern Tuscany (Italy), sampled across four ripening stages (July\u2013November). Free sugars were measured over 3\u2009years (2018\u20132020), and amino acids over two (2019\u20132020). Fully ripe berries (S4) exhibited high levels of glucose (80.2\u2009\u00b1\u200919.3\u2009mg\/g FW), fructose (75.5\u2009\u00b1\u200918.1\u2009mg\/g FW), and pectins (46.3\u2009\u00b1\u200916.1\u2009mg\/g FW), while sucrose remained low. Seasonal and interannual trends revealed progressive increases in glucose, fructose, pectins, and ethanol (up to 15.9\u2009mg\/g FW), positively correlated with precipitation and negatively with temperature. Total free amino acids averaged 3.21\u2009mg\/g FW, with non\u2010essential amino acids representing 55.4%. Proline was most abundant (1.05\u2009mg\/g FW), and its accumulation increased with rainfall and decreased with higher temperatures. Other compounds influenced by climatic stress included \u03b2\u2010aminobutyric acid (BABA) and ornithine. These findings highlight the strong impact of environmental variables on berry metabolism, particularly in sugar and amino acid biosynthesis. The optimal harvest window lies between version and full ripeness, when metabolic profiles peak. This work underscores the importance of climate\u2010driven strategies to optimize goji berry quality through informed cultivation practices.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,20]],"date-time":"2026-02-20T04:31:03Z","timestamp":1771561863000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Seasonal and Environmental Influences on Free Sugar and Amino Acid Profiles of\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Lycium barbarum<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Berries Cultivated in Southern Tuscany"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Letizia","family":"Poggioni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Siena  Siena Italy"},{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR\u2010IBE)  Follonica Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4511-3557","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giampiero","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Siena  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Cantini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR\u2010IBE)  Follonica Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco","family":"Romi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences University of Siena  Siena Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Piccini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Council of Italy Institute for Bioeconomy (CNR\u2010IBE)  Follonica Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpha.2024.101130"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70263"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","first-page":"24","article-title":"Assessment of Organic Acid and Sugar Composition in Apricot, Plumcot, Plum, and Peach During Fruit Development","volume":"87","author":"Bae H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-023-04257-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.01.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/1573401052953294"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2014.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf302848u"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8648609"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"1145","article-title":"Sorbitol and sugar composition in plum fruits influenced by climatic conditions","volume":"16","author":"Cupic T.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Agriculture Science and Technology"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","first-page":"154","article-title":"Free Amino Acid Profile of Malus Domestica Borkh cv. 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