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Despite its growing burden, causal links between lifestyle, dietary factors, and RA remain unclear. This study investigates causal links between lifestyle, dietary factors, and RA using Mendelian randomization (MR) and machine learning (ML). Two\u2010sample MR analyzed 42 lifestyle and dietary exposures, while an RA risk prediction model was developed using nationally representative data and nine ML algorithms. Global Burden of Disease data assessed health inequalities and RA burden trends through frontier, decomposition, and Bayesian Age\u2010Period\u2010Cohort analyses. MR identified obesity, current smoking, sleeplessness, poultry intake, and salt added to food as RA risk factors, while never smoking, pork consumption, and cheese intake were protective. Random forest showed superior predictive performance, with age as the most influential predictor; seven features exhibited nonlinear RA risk associations. RA burden revealed gender and regional disparities, with frontier analysis indicating potential for burden reduction in multiple countries. Between 1990 and 2021, global RA burden rose due to population growth and aging, with projections suggesting continued increases through 2050. These findings highlight the importance of targeted lifestyle and dietary interventions to reduce RA burden and address health inequities in high\u2010risk populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T04:00:31Z","timestamp":1771819231000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Causal Effects of Lifestyle and Dietary Factors on Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Integrated Analysis Combining Mendelian Randomization, Machine Learning, and Evaluation of Burden Dynamics and Health Inequality"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3232-9617","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Prevention and Control General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxin","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control &amp; Prevention China Medical University, Ministry of Education  Shenyang China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health China Medical University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruiwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Environmental Stress and Chronic Disease Control &amp; Prevention China Medical University, Ministry of Education  Shenyang China"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health China Medical University  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenfeng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aoxiang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hailong","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Disease Prevention and Control General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7200-7606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics General Hospital of Northern Theater Command  Shenyang China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13668-023-00509-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15102293"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40744-020-00252-1"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"1254","article-title":"The Role of Female Hormonal Factors in the Development of Rheumatoid Arthritis","volume":"56","author":"Alp\u00edzar\u2010Rodr\u00edguez D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000255"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17117-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2016.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70080"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(21)00349-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000013115"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16906-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-017-3912-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.940161"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152722"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","first-page":"171","article-title":"Standardization and Decomposition of Rates From Cross\u2010Classified Data","volume":"50","author":"Gupta P. 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