{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:17:36Z","timestamp":1792102656351,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Barnyard millet (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Echinochloa frumentacea<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) is a nutrient\u2010dense, gluten\u2010free grain with recognized health benefits; however, its utilization is constrained by the presence of phytate, tannins, and trypsin inhibitor activity. This study examined the influence of germination (24\u201372\u2009h) on the nutritional composition, antinutritional constituents, bioactive compounds, and functional properties of barnyard millet. Germination significantly altered the nutrient composition, increasing protein content (9.21\u201313.36\u2009g\/100\u2009g d.m.) and dietary fiber (11.23\u201313.01\u2009g\/100\u2009g d.m.) due to enzymatic modifications occurring during sprouting. Substantial reductions were observed in phytic acid (46%), tannins (63%), and trypsin inhibitors (54%), contributing to improved mineral content. Iron content increased from 9.53 to 14.49\u2009mg\/100\u2009g, attributed to phytate degradation and concentration effects from dry matter loss. Functional attributes including seed imbibition, swelling power, and antioxidant activity improved, with antioxidant capacity rising from 63.22% to 85.81%. Overall, germination is an effective, low\u2010cost bioprocessing strategy to enhance nutritional quality and techno\u2010functional properties of barnyard millet for food applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T04:59:28Z","timestamp":1773809968000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effect of Germination on the Nutrient Profile, Antioxidant Components, Antinutritional Constituents, and Functional Characteristics of Barnyard Millet (\n                    <scp>\n                      <i>Echinochloa frumentacea<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9640-8796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aina","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Food Technology AMITY University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9163-7362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meena","family":"Kumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amity Institute of Food Technology AMITY University  Noida Uttar Pradesh India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8370-282X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachna","family":"Sehrawat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Process Engineering National Institute of Technology Rourkela  Rourkela Odisha India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6147-3221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lokesh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wine Food and Molecular Biosciences, Lincoln University  Lincoln New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/abb.2018.95014"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of Germination on Antioxidant Activity, Total Phenols, Flavonoids and Antinutritional Content of Finger Millet Flour","volume":"9","author":"Abioye V. F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Food Processing & Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15835\/nbha4027930"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","unstructured":"Agrawal D.2013.\u201cFunctional Characteristics of Malted Flour of Foxtail Barnyard and Little Millets.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.academia.edu\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20546\/ijcmas.2020.912.285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.112734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balwinder Singh B. S. J. P.Singh K.Shevkani N.Singh andA.Kaur.2017.\u201cBioactive Constituents in Pulses and Their Health Benefits.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-016-2391-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.13074"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7860\/JCDR\/2016\/14534.7086"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.01.141"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2011.09.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197\u2010022\u201005485\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.04.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"29","article-title":"Effects of Traditional Processing Methods on Nutritional Quality of Field Bean","volume":"4","author":"Dsouza M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Advances in Bioresearch"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Assessment of Minerals, Vitamins and Functional Properties of Flours From Germinated Yellow Maize Seeds","volume":"11","author":"Gnanwa M. J.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Science and Nutrition Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"Horwitz W.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22271\/chemi.2020.v8.i2af.9065"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.3572"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.12959"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","first-page":"819","article-title":"An Overview of Barnyard Millet (Echinochloa frumentacea)","volume":"9","author":"Kaur H.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21276\/ap.2021.10.1.18"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18520\/cs\/v120\/i2\/406-413"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.108709"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2020.100850"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12213901"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2020.1825485"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Effect of Germination on Nutrient Content of Biofortified Pearl Millet Cultivars","volume":"3","author":"Narayanan A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Innovation and Research in Educational Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.846"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5539\/jfr.v4n2p159"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2020.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/as.v19i1.3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.12.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00500"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","unstructured":"Roopashree Ugare R. 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I.Itagi.2014.\u201cGlycemic Index and Significance of Barnyard Millet in Type II Diabetics.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.cabidigitallibrary.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12026"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014\u2010020\u20100020\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947-017-2007-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17113\/ftb.59.02.21.6922"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2015.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","first-page":"563","article-title":"Effect of Germination Conditions on Techno\u2010Functional Properties of Pigeon Pea Flour","volume":"11","author":"Sharma S.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quality Assurance & Safety of Crops and Food"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3329\/bjsir.v54i4.44573"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1085828"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2017.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/B:QUAL.0000040322.01063.d4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","first-page":"248","article-title":"Interspecific Hybrid Between Echinochloa esculenta and E. frumentacea: A New Avenue for Genetic Enhancement","volume":"5","author":"Sood S.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Plant Breeding"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-011-0585-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/leg3.11"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060740"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2021.105542"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3240"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","unstructured":"Zakari U.2015.\u201cEffect of Germination on Functional Properties and Starch Gelatinization of Sorghum Flour.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/."}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71618","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.71618","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.71618","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T22:24:41Z","timestamp":1789165481000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.71618"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.71618"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.71618","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-09-12","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-02-21","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-03-17","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71618"}}