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It has therapeutic, physiological, and nutritional benefits but may carry zoonotic risks. This review evaluated both\u00a0the health benefits and potential\u00a0microbial and zoonotic risks of camel milk. Preclinical, clinical, and epidemiological studies from 2000 to 2025 were included. Studies reporting intervention type, sample size, duration, health outcomes, or safety considerations were included. The findings were synthesized qualitatively. This review showed that camel milk (200\u2013500\u2009mL\/day or 10\u2009g powder BID, 2\u201314\u2009weeks) improves glycemic control in Type 2 diabetes by lowering fasting and postprandial glucose, HbA1c, and plasma insulin. In children with autism, regular consumption of camel milk enhances behavioral, social, and gastrointestinal outcomes by reducing inflammatory cytokines. Preclinical studies show that camel milk exerts cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, chemopreventive, antiobesity, and antiaging effects through antioxidant and anti\u2010inflammatory mechanisms. Additionally, camel milk improves hemoglobin levels, supports growth, and promotes beneficial gut microbiota. It is derived probiotics and exosomes provide antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunomodulatory effects, and they are safe and well\u2010tolerated in children. However, concerns related to raw camel milk consumption, including microbial contamination and zoonotic transmission, warrant careful consideration. Camel milk provides nutritional and therapeutic benefits, enhanced by probiotics and bioactive derivatives. However, unpasteurized milk may carry zoonotic pathogens and must be handled carefully.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71638","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T05:30:41Z","timestamp":1774330241000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Camel Milk as a Functional Food: Nutritional Composition, Health\u2010Promoting Benefits, and Safety Considerations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5982-9601","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudisa","family":"Bereda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Marie Stopes International Ethiopia (MSIE)  Ambo Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1250-388X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Subasini","family":"Uthirapathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology Tishk International University  Erbil Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9445-5879","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javed","family":"Ahamad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy Tishk International University  Erbil Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_15_2_1","first-page":"101","article-title":"In Vitro Antioxidant and Antiviral Activity of Camel Milk Casein Hydrolysates","volume":"15","author":"Abbes F. 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