{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T21:57:31Z","timestamp":1790632651070,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773705600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Iron deficiency is a major public health issue in Ethiopia, especially in children aged 6 to 23\u2009months. The 6 to 23\u2009months period marks the introduction of complementary feeding alongside breast milk, when nutritional needs surge but intake often falls short, leading to high vulnerability. This study aimed to assess the weighted iron\u2010rich food consumption, trends, and predictors among children aged 6\u201323\u2009months old in Ethiopia. This study used Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS\u20102005\u20132019) data with a total weighted sample size of 7445 among children aged 6\u201323\u2009months old. Bayesian multilevel logistic regression analysis using a Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to identify predictors of good iron\u2010rich food consumption. The overall weighted proportion of iron\u2010rich food consumed among children aged 6\u201323\u2009months in Ethiopia was 16.85% [95% CI: 15.01%, 18.86%]. In Ethiopia, children aged 6\u201323\u2009months increased their intake of iron\u2010rich food from 10.29% [95% CI: 8.19%, 12.86%] in EDHS 2005 to 13.13% [95% CI: 11.11%, 15.47%] in EDHS 2011 and very sharply increased to 21.27% [95% CI: 18.54%, 24.29%] in EDHS 2016 and slightly increased to 23.77% [95% CI: 19.66%, 28.44%] in EDHS 2019. The findings indicated that being 12\u201323\u2009month\u2010old children, having married parents, children born to mothers who completed primary education, secondary education, a higher education, being born to poorer family, middle wealth quintile, the richer family, richest family, and having antenatal care visits 1\u20133, \u2265\u20094 antenatal care visits were positively associated with iron\u2010rich food consumption. Nevertheless, children born to mothers \u2265\u200935\u2009years old, residing in pastoral areas, and metropolitan areas were negatively significantly associated with good iron\u2010rich food intake among children. The weighted proportion of 16.85% indicates persistently low intake nationally, far below WHO minimum dietary diversity recommendations (\u2265\u200950% for complementary feeding), signaling a high anemia risk in this vulnerable group. Significant associations (e.g., higher maternal education, wealthier quintiles, more ANC visits) underscore how enabling factors boost complementary feeding practices. Ethiopia should pursue strategies to boost iron\u2010rich food consumption.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1773740132000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Iron\u2010Rich Food Consumption and Predictors Among Children Aged 6 to 23\u2009Months in Ethiopia: A Frequentist and Bayesian Hierarchical Approach"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Girma","family":"Beressa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Madda Walabu University  Goba Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenenisa","family":"Beressa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of English Addis Ababa University  Addis Ababa Ethiopia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2016.00032"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0206268"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2004.04.003"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"805","article-title":"Iron Supplementation Among Children Aged 6 to 59 Months in Afghanistan: A Report of Afghanistan Demographic and Health Survey (AFDHS) 2015","volume":"11","author":"Barekzai A.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Nutritional Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887\u2010022\u201003717\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003217"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0305046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201010743\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency I.2005.\u201cEthiopia Demographic and Health Survey.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency I.2011.\u201cEthiopia Demographic and Health Survey.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Central Statistical Agency I.2016.\u201cFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Central Statistical Agency Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey Addis Ababa Ethiopia.\u201dThe DHS Program ICF Rockville Maryland USA 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"645","volume-title":"Guide to DHS Statistics","author":"Croft T. 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