{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:06:54Z","timestamp":1790172414878,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775001600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The primary hypothesis of the study was that zinc and selenium supplementation through fortified cookies would enhance the immune response and improve clinical outcomes in tuberculosis patients. For this purpose, a single\u2010blind randomized control trial was carried out to determine the effect of zinc and selenium on the immunomodulatory parameters of tuberculosis, approved by the Ethics Committee of the University of Lahore, Pakistan. In the first phase, the proximate and minerals profile of shiitake mushroom was analyzed, and functional cookies were developed fortified with zinc and selenium. In the second phase, 120 tuberculosis patients were divided into four groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3) to assess the impact of supplementation on anthropometric, microbiological, and hematological parameters. Meanwhile, results were statistically examined through one\u2010way ANOVA followed by Duncan's Multiple Range Test and showed significant differences (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) among treatment groups. In comparison to controls, patients who received Zn and Se\u2010enriched cookies (T2 and T3) reported significant increases in BMI, hemoglobin, and decreases in CRP and ESR. Additionally, Principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map visualization were generated using R Studio (Version 4.2.2) to identify patterns and correlations among treatments. During tuberculosis infection, those improvements were associated with the antioxidant and immunomodulatory functions of zinc in macrophage activation and selenium\u2010dependent glutathione peroxidase activity, which are involved in the regulation of oxidative stress. Thus, the results showed that the therapeutic effect of dosage on anthropometric, microbiological, and hematological measurements showed a significant result, indicating that zinc and selenium may help to modulate the immunological response, and potentially improve the body's ability to resist tuberculosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>Trial Registration:<\/jats:bold>\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    (Identifier: NCT07180329)\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T04:29:41Z","timestamp":1775708981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effects of Zinc and Selenium\u2010Enriched\n                    <i>Lentinula edodes<\/i>\n                    Extract: Biochemical Characterization and Bioactivity Relevant to Tuberculosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hanif","family":"Mughal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7632-5261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tabussam","family":"Tufail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huma Bader ul","family":"Ain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences The University of Lahore  Lahore Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2268-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amara","family":"Rasheed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Sciences Government College University Faisalabad  Faisalabad Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4105-8615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther Ugo","family":"Alum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research Publications and Extension Kampala International University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","volume-title":"Approved Method of the AACC","author":"AACC","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","article-title":"Nutritional Supplements for People Being Treated for Active Tuberculosis","volume":"4","author":"Abba K.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-025-03807-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2019.102268"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","unstructured":"AOAC.2005.\u201cAssociation of Official Analytical Chemists.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cbdv.202501244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","unstructured":"Chen E.2022.\u201cThe Validation of the Mid\u2010Upper Arm Circumference Measurement in Adults as a Weight Estimation Tool in a High HIV Prevalence Setting.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1385\/BTER:95:1:65"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2019.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10010128"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-015-2580-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"George P. L. T. D.Ranatunga S. S.Reddy andG. C.Sharma.2014.\u201cA Comparative Analysis of Mineral Elements in the Mycelia and the Fruiting Bodies of Shiitake Mushrooms.\u201d","DOI":"10.3923\/ajft.2014.360.369"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1114"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Bioactive Compounds in Edible Mushrooms: Sustainability and Health Applications","author":"Hait M.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","volume-title":"Edible Mushroom: Nutritional Properties, Potential Nutraceutical Values, and Its Utilisation in Food Product Development","author":"Ho L. H.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Immune Modulatory and Anti\u2010Oxidative Effect of Selenium Against Pulmonary Tuberculosis","volume":"32","author":"Hussain M. 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