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This study investigated the anti\u2010inflammatory potential of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Hermetia illucens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    hot\u2010water extract fermented with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Leuconostoc mesenteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    KCCM13067P (HeHi_Lm) using LPS\u2010stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages and a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)\u2010induced chronic colitis mouse model. Fermentation significantly increased vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    derivatives, with riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), and flavin mononucleotide (FMN) increasing from 7.82, 10.58, and 2.60\u2009\u03bcg\/g to 18.53, 29.84, and 9.29\u2009\u03bcg\/g, respectively, representing an approximately 2.7\u2010fold increase in total vitamin B\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    content. Fermentation also enriched free amino acids and bioactive amines, including glycine, alanine, cystathionine, \u03b3\u2010aminobutyric acid, and ethanolamine. In\u00a0vitro, HeHi_Lm significantly suppressed LPS\u2010induced nitric oxide production and reduced IL\u20106 secretion, whereas TNF\u2010\u03b1 reduction was not statistically significant. In\u00a0vivo, HeHi_Lm administration alleviated DSS\u2010induced colitis symptoms, as demonstrated by improved body weight recovery, reduced disease activity index scores, and attenuation of colon shortening. Histopathological damage and spleen and liver weight\/body weight ratios were also improved. Furthermore, HeHi_Lm significantly reduced colonic expression of inflammatory mediators, including iNOS, COX\u20102, IL\u20106, and IL\u20101\u03b2. Gut microbiota analysis revealed compositional shifts characterized by increased Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes and reduced\n                    <jats:italic>Verrucomicrobia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , with enrichment of Lactobacillaceae and Oscillospiraceae. These findings indicate that fermentation of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>H. illucens<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. mesenteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    enhances functional metabolite profiles and is associated with reduced inflammatory responses and microbiota restructuring in experimental colitis, supporting its potential as a sustainable functional food ingredient.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T04:52:40Z","timestamp":1775796760000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anti\u2010Inflammatory Effects of\n                    <i>Hermetia illucens<\/i>\n                    Fermented With Riboflavin\u2010Producing\n                    <i>Leuconostoc mesenteroides<\/i>\n                    <scp>KCCM13067P<\/scp>\n                    in\n                    <scp>RAW<\/scp>\n                    264.7 Cells and Colitis Mouse Model"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-8818-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok Jun","family":"Son","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Food Research Institute  Iseo\u2010myeon Jeollabuk\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ah\u2010Ram","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Korea Food Research Institute  Iseo\u2010myeon Jeollabuk\u2010do Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6278-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mi 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