{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T19:03:55Z","timestamp":1791745435811,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Thymol, a monoterpene phenol derived from\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Thymus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , suppresses a wide range of microorganisms and possesses antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory, and anticancer effects. This article focuses on the biomedical and dietary applications of thymol and briefly covers its physiological mechanisms and administration routes. Aqueous solubility limitations, high volatility, and oxidative instability hinder the practical applications of thymol. Nanoemulsions, liposomes, micelles, and polymeric nanoparticles have been widely used to stabilize, solubilize, and make thymol more accessible to the body. Drug delivery to the target location can be controlled to some extent and may improve targeting efficiency, maximizing therapeutic effectiveness and minimizing unwanted effects. Thymol is a safe, effective, and environmentally sustainable food preservative, a film\u2010forming agent, and a key ingredient in new packaging solutions. This is because its antimicrobial activity prevents the growth of pathogenic bacteria, extends shelf life, and preserves the sensory quality of meat, dairy, fruits, and vegetables. Despite strong trends, progress, and research, large\u2010scale clinical studies are still lacking, and the regulatory paths are unclear. To meet this challenge, clinical validation should lead to scientific, pharmacological, transdisciplinary, and sustainable production techniques. Thymol is a versatile and sustainable natural substance that can be used to improve food safety and therapeutics. Overcoming existing difficulties will allow this product to be used commercially and ensure sustainable natural health and food preservation solutions.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71779","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:29:07Z","timestamp":1777109347000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sustainable Applications of Thymol: Advances in Formulation Technologies, Drug Delivery Systems, and Food Preservation Strategies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhang Hameed","family":"Awlqadr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed N.","family":"Saeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutritional Analysis and Health, Kifri Technical College, Garmian Polytechnic University  Kifri Sulaimaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-5988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ammar B.","family":"Altemimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, College of Agriculture University of Basrah  Basrah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Syamand Ahmed","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Techniques Department, Halabja Technical Institute, Research Center, Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aryan Mahmood","family":"Faraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Halabja Technical College Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8154-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Othman Abdulrahman","family":"Mohammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Laboratory Science Department, Halabja Technical College Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tablo H.","family":"Salih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College, Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-0473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rawaa H.","family":"Tlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering Damascus University  Damascus Damaskus Syrian Arab Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7012-6667","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek Gamal","family":"Abedelmaksoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture Cairo University  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17113\/ftb.61.02.23.7595"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mycmed.2014.01.063"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Antioxidant Enzyme Deficiency and Oxidative Stress in Asthma: Implications for Therapeutic Antioxidant Strategies","volume":"7","author":"abdalla Hindi A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbial Bioactives"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aboushouk A. 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