{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T17:14:15Z","timestamp":1791134055768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777075200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2026R129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2026R129"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Globally, millions of children live with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD), which can raise the risk of malnutrition in children. Data from Saudi Arabia on school\u2010aged children with IDD remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of malnutrition among school\u2010aged children with and without IDD in Saudi Arabia. This cross\u2010sectional study was conducted during August\u2013December of 2024 at the Child Development Center at University Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. School\u2010aged children (5\u201317\u2009years) with clinician\u2010diagnosed autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Down syndrome (DS), attention deficit\/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), or cerebral palsy (CP) and age\u2010matched children without IDD were recruited. Weight and height were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated. WHO Growth Reference 2007 (5\u201319\u2009years) was used to generate BMI\u2010for\u2010age z\u2010scores (BAZ) and height\u2010for\u2010age z\u2010scores (HAZ) using WHO AnthroPlus; weight\u2010for\u2010age z\u2010scores (WAZ) were computed only for children aged \u2264\u200910\u2009years. Malnutrition was defined as undernutrition (thinness and\/or stunting and\/or underweight) and\/or overnutrition (overweight and\/or obesity). A total of 168 children participated (IDD,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200968; non\u2010IDD,\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009100). Overall malnutrition prevalence was similar in children with and without IDD (47% vs. 48%; risk ratio [RR] 0.98, 95% CI 0.71\u20131.36;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.905). Overnutrition was more common than undernutrition in both groups (IDD: 29% overnutrition vs. 25% undernutrition; non\u2010IDD: 32% vs. 28%). Although overall prevalence was comparable, marked heterogeneity was observed across IDD subtypes (malnutrition: DS 90%, ADHD 50%, CP 48%, ASD 24%;\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    (3)\u2009=\u200912.02,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.007; FDR\u2010adjusted\n                    <jats:italic>q<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.022). Concurrent stunting and overweight\/obesity (individual\u2010level double burden) was observed in 12% of non\u2010IDD children and 7% of children with IDD. In conclusion, nearly half of this hospital\u2010based sample of Saudi school\u2010aged children had evidence of malnutrition, with overnutrition exceeding undernutrition. While overall malnutrition prevalence did not differ between children with and without IDD, the distribution across IDD subtypes was clinically meaningful. Routine growth monitoring and targeted nutrition support are needed in both clinical and school settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71816","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T09:32:03Z","timestamp":1777109523000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prevalence of Malnutrition Among School\u2010Aged Children With and Without Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities in Saudi Arabia: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7968-418X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lujain A.","family":"Almousa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2140-260X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naseem M.","family":"Alshwaiyat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Faculty of Agriculture Jordan University of Science and Technology  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5510-0768","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jozaa Z.","family":"ALTamimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Health, College of Sports Sciences &amp; Physical Activity Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8515-1574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Reham I.","family":"Alagal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3958-0482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malak A.","family":"Alsemari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging\u2013MRI, King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAAUH) Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9135-5725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nora A.","family":"AlFaris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sports Health, College of Sports Sciences &amp; Physical Activity Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University  Riyadh Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26719\/emhj.18.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JMDH.S473107"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.13132"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883\u2010019\u20101553\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5296747"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2016.02.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2016.06.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2020.0085"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2015.15020266"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2022.01.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.07.043497"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cegh.2019.01.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0256\u20104947.84628"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12090"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00047-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2022.101969"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12933"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111565"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/NFS\u201003\u20102023\u20100055"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03670244.2025.2490530"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12408"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31246\/mjn\u20102020\u20100067"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13679-014-0098-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(23)02750\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0271993"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjnph\u20102023\u2010000779"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803\u2010013\u20101771\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","unstructured":"UNICEF Middle East and North Africa (MENA).2024.\u201cNutrition Strategic Direction 2030\u2014In Brief.\u201d(pp. 3\u20134) (UNICEF regional brief).https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/mena\/media\/25911\/file\/Nutrition%20Strategic%20Direction%202030%20MENA%20Brief.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jped.2024.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","volume-title":"WHO AnthroPlus for Personal Computers Manual: Software for Assessing Growth of the World's Children and Adolescents","author":"WHO","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","volume-title":"Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Requirements for ICD\u201011 Mental, Behavioural and Neurodevelopmental Disorders","author":"WHO","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2023.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980022000350"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2025.103305"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0811"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2024.1576"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/chi.2022.0230"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; 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