{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T12:12:51Z","timestamp":1789992771911,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":12,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science & Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n \n \n P\n roteus mirabilis<\/jats:styled-content>\n <\/jats:italic>\n (\n \n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n ) is an emerging foodborne pathogen that poses a risk to both veterinary and human health because of its virulence factors and multidrug resistance (MDR) capability. This study aimed to investigate the molecular characteristics, virulence genes, antibiotic resistance, and genetic diversity of\n \n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n isolated from red meat and poultry in Shahrekord, Iran. A total of 480 meat samples (red meat and poultry) were examined for\n \n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n contamination using biochemical and molecular methods. Biofilm formation was evaluated using the microtiter plate assay. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disk diffusion method. Extended\u2010spectrum\n \u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n \u2010lactamase (ESBL) production was detected by the combined disk test. Resistance and virulence genes were identified by PCR. Genetic diversity was analyzed using Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus\u2010Polymerase Chain Reaction (ERIC\u2010PCR) and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic\u2010Polymerase Chain Reaction (REP\u2010PCR). Out of 480 samples, 92 (19.16%) were positive for\n \n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n , with the highest prevalence in veal (25%) and chicken (27.5%). Over 79% of isolates were strong biofilm producers. The highest resistance rates were observed for nitrofurantoin (70.8%) and trimethoprim\u2010sulfamethoxazole (79.5%). ESBL\u2010producing isolates carried\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n CTX\u2010M and\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n TEM genes, whereas\n bla<\/jats:italic>\n SHV was less frequent. The most common resistance genes were\n qnr<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n qnr<\/jats:italic>\n B,\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n tet<\/jats:italic>\n B, and\n sul1<\/jats:italic>\n . Virulence genes such as\n zap<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n hpm<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n mrp<\/jats:italic>\n A, and\n hly<\/jats:italic>\n A were detected in most isolates. ERIC\u2010PCR and REP\u2010PCR revealed high genetic diversity among isolates with 75%\u2013100% similarity for red meat isolates and 51%\u2013100% for poultry isolates.\n \n P. mirabilis<\/jats:italic>\n <\/jats:styled-content>\n isolates from red meat and poultry in Shahrekord showed high prevalence of MDR and virulence genes, indicating potential risks to food safety and public health. Continuous monitoring and stricter control measures in meat production are necessary to prevent the spread of resistant and virulent strains.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T04:49:43Z","timestamp":1778734183000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Insights and Antibiotic Resistance of\n Proteus mirabilis<\/i>\n from Retail Meat Sources in Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Shahin Kouhi","family":"Kamali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology ShK.C., Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9309-003X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elahe","family":"Tajbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology ShK.C., Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faham","family":"Khamsipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Halal Research Center of the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI), Iran Food and Drug Administration Ministry of Health and Medical Education Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hassan","family":"Momtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology ShK.C., Islamic Azad University Shahrekord Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","first-page":"1123","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of \n Proteus mirabilis\n From Retail Meat in Egypt","volume":"60","author":"Abd El\u2010Aziz N. K.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","first-page":"678","article-title":"Prevalence and Molecular Characterization of Extended\u2010Spectrum \u03b2\u2010Lactamase\u2010Producing \n Proteus mirabilis\n From Food Animals in Egypt","volume":"27","author":"Ahmed A. M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbial Drug Resistance"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","first-page":"2194","article-title":"Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Proteus Species Isolated From Meat and Meat Products in Saudi Arabia","volume":"27","author":"Alam M. J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","article-title":"Seasonal Variation in Bacterial Contamination of Retail Meat: A Comprehensive Surveillance Study","volume":"145","author":"Alam M. J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Molecular Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of \n Proteus mirabilis\n From Poultry in Yemen","volume":"16","author":"Al\u2010Maashani S. M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","first-page":"856","article-title":"Virulence Factors and Antibiotic Resistance in \n Proteus mirabilis\n Isolated From Poultry","volume":"63","author":"Al\u2010Mashat R. I.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Animal Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","article-title":"Pathogenesis of \n Proteus mirabilis","volume":"9","author":"Armbruster C. 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