{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:35:16Z","timestamp":1792798516810,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Enteromorpha prolifera<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    polysaccharide (EPP), a major bioactive sulfated polysaccharide derived from green algae, possesses potent hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of EPP in a murine model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanisms through an integrated multi\u2010omics approach\u2014comprising 16S rRNA microbiomics, untargeted metabolomics, and transcriptomics. Our findings demonstrate that EPP intervention significantly suppressed fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, attenuated dyslipidemia, and enhanced systemic insulin sensitivity. At the microbiome level, EPP restored intestinal homeostasis by enriching beneficial taxa, specifically\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Ligilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Dubosiella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , while depleting the T2DM\u2010associated genus\n                    <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                    . These microbial shifts correlated with significantly elevated fecal concentrations of short\u2010chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetate, propionate, and branched\u2010chain fatty acids (isobutyrate and isovalerate). Integrated pathway analysis revealed that EPP significantly modulates steroid hormone biosynthesis; integrated pathway analysis suggested that EPP potentially modulates pathways related to steroid hormone biosynthesis, cholesterol metabolism, and primary bile acid synthesis. Quantitative RT\u2010PCR validation confirmed that EPP treatment was accompanied by the upregulation of critical genes involved in bile acid and steroidogenesis (\n                    <jats:italic>Cyp17a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Cyp11a1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Hsd3b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Stard1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and the downregulation of\n                    <jats:italic>Srebf2<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Hnf4\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    , the master transcriptional regulators of cholesterol biosynthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis, respectively. Correlation analyses further indicated potential links between gut microbiota alterations, SCFA production, and glycemic control. Collectively, these results suggest that EPP may alleviate T2DM symptoms, which is associated with the modulation of the gut microbiota\u2013hepatic cholesterol metabolism axis, positioning it as a promising functional food ingredient or therapeutic candidate for metabolic disorders.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.71998","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T04:38:21Z","timestamp":1781066301000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["<scp>\n                      <i>Enteromorpha prolifera<\/i>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    Polysaccharide Alleviates Type 2 Diabetes via the Gut Microbiota\u2013Liver Axis to Modulate Cholesterol Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Liuying","family":"Zhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xusheng","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ningbo Municipal Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University  Ningbo China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6663-5805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenrong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangshan Xuwen Seaweed of Development Co. 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