{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:01:47Z","timestamp":1790172107169,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782777600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Tonto<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a traditional Ugandan alcoholic beverage produced by spontaneous fermentation of banana juice. However, its chemical composition and sensory attributes have not been adequately studied. This study characterized the physicochemical properties, volatile compounds, and sensory attributes of\n                    <jats:italic>Tonto<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200942) produced in Ntungamo and Kalungu districts. During the 60\u2009h fermentation, there was a significant (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) decline in pH (4.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.23\u20133.58\u2009\u00b1\u20090.32) and total soluble solids (15.01\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76\u20135.15\u2009\u00b1\u20090.74 \u00b0Brix), and a corresponding increase in acidity (0.21%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.07%\u20130.77%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.64%) and ethanol content (0.0\u20134.73\u2009\u00b1\u20091.05 %v\/v). Thirty\u2010eight volatile compounds, mainly esters and alcohols, were identified. Fruity and banana notes dominated in samples from Ntungamo, which also received higher acceptability due to high concentrations of ethyl and acetate esters known for fruity sensory attributes. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) further revealed that fruity esters correlated strongly with overall acceptability. Methanol concentrations varied widely (0\u2013950.5\u2009mg\/L), with more than half of the samples, particularly those from Kalungu, exceeding the national safety limit (60\u2009mg\/L). These results demonstrate substantial variability in the quality and safety of traditionally produced\n                    <jats:italic>Tonto<\/jats:italic>\n                    and highlight the influence of regional differences in fermentation practices and raw material composition. The findings provide a scientific basis for improving and standardizing\n                    <jats:italic>Tonto<\/jats:italic>\n                    production through improved hygiene, controlled fermentation, process optimization, and starter culture development to enhance product quality and safety.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T05:57:14Z","timestamp":1782885434000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of Physicochemical Properties, Volatile Compounds, and Sensory Attributes of\n                    <i>Tonto<\/i>\n                    , a Traditional Ugandan Banana\u2010Based Alcoholic Beverage"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8923-6574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ambrose","family":"Atwine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abel","family":"Atukwase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8942-3859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Muzira","family":"Mukisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8352-435X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stellah","family":"Byakika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Nuwagira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles M. B. K.","family":"Muyanja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Technology and Nutrition, School of Food Technology, Nutrition, and Bioengineering, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abubakar Sadik","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology, and Biotechnology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences Makerere University  Kampala Uganda"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"18","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","first-page":"3608","article-title":"Potential Application of \n                     Saccharomyces cerevisiae\n                   Strains for the Fermentation of Banana Pulp","volume":"10","author":"Alvarenga R. M.","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217\u2010010\u20101272\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217\u2010015\u20102497\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/5816162"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439847503"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5251\/ajbms.2013.3.2.41.62"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010\u2010008\u20108458\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/ajb10.1377"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.14924"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217\u2010020\u201003668\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuaa014"},{"issue":"10","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"447","article-title":"Production of Banana Alcohol and Utilisation of Banana Residue","volume":"2","author":"Dhar P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.03.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","first-page":"569","volume-title":"I. 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K. A. R.Ario M. D.Kadobera et\u00a0al.2017.\u201cEvaluation of Surveil\u2010lance System in Refugee Settlement.\u201dhttps:\/\/uniph.go.ug\/wp\u2010content\/uploads\/2021\/11\/UNIPH\u2010Bulletin_Volume\u20102\u2010Issue\u20104.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","unstructured":"Uganda National Bureau of Standards.2019.\u201cBanana Alcoholic Beverage (Tonto) \u2013 Specification (US 2143:2019).\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","volume-title":"Odour Thresholds: Compilations of Odour Threshold Values in Air, Water and Other Media","author":"Van Gemert L. 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T.Kiggundu M.Ninsiima et\u00a0al.2023.\u201cMethanol Poisoning Caused by Adulteration of Alcohol at the Production Stage in A Factory in Northwestern Uganda August 2022.\u201dhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs\u20103073840\/v1.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-3073840\/v1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","first-page":"20","article-title":"Molecule of the Month: 2,3\u2010Pentanedione","volume":"34","author":"Zviely M.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Perfumer & Flavorist"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72071","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72071","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:14:33Z","timestamp":1790169273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72071","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-20","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72071"}}