{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1790172099681,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012021","name":"Iran University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012021","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Fasting and caloric restriction (CR) have shown promising effects in body composition management and metabolic health. Both CR and time\u2010restricted eating (TRE) have been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and lipid profiles. Although dietary and lifestyle interventions for weight management may influence reproductive hormones, the specific impact of these dietary strategies on reproductive hormones is still unclear. This systematic review and meta\u2010analysis assessed the effects of different types of fasting and CR on reproductive hormones in adults. Parallel or crossover randomized controlled trials published up to April 2025 were identified through PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Eligible studies included adult participants aged \u2265\u200918\u2009years undergoing fasting (alternate\u2010day, TRE, or full\u2010day fasting) or CR (20%\u201330% energy reduction). The primary outcomes were changes in reproductive hormones, including testosterone, free testosterone, sex hormone\u2010binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA\u2010S), follicle\u2010stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol, estrogen, anti\u2010M\u00fcllerian hormone (AMH), prolactin, and progesterone, analyzed using random\u2010effects models. The GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) approach was used to assess the certainty of evidence. Fifteen randomized trials (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009954 participants) were included. Overall, both fasting and CR showed largely neutral effects on reproductive hormones, with no consistent evidence of either detrimental or beneficial changes. Fasting had a non\u2010significant effect on testosterone (WMD: \u22120.88\u2009ng\/mL; 95% CI: \u22122.37 to 0.61;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.24), with significant heterogeneity. However, a statistically significant effect on free testosterone was observed (WMD: \u22124.9\u2009pg\/mL; 95% CI: \u22129.22 to \u22120.59;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.02), although this finding was based on some of the small trials. Similarly, CR had a non\u2010significant effect on testosterone (WMD: \u22120.02\u2009ng\/mL; 95% CI: \u22120.13 to 0.08;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.65), with significant heterogeneity. No significant effects were observed for other outcomes. Current evidence indicates that fasting and CR exert minimal to no statistically significant impact on reproductive hormones in adults. However, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of clinical neutrality because we didn't assess changes in symptoms. Overall, these dietary strategies appear endocrinologically safe for weight management and metabolic health; however, larger, longer\u2010term, and population\u2010specific trials are needed to clarify subgroup\u2010specific responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1783681127000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Fasting and Caloric Restriction on Reproductive Hormones: A Systematic Review, Meta\u2010Analysis, and\n                    <scp>GRADE<\/scp>\n                    Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4215-6567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mojtaba","family":"Ghoreishy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Rafiei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasamin","family":"Atabaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nastaran","family":"Jafarbeglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1999-7712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niloofar","family":"Hamidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morvarid","family":"Noormohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paniz","family":"Fatahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4623-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shadi","family":"Ghaemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Nutrition School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farbod","family":"Shidfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farzad","family":"Shidfar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Sciences Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health Iran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-60-6-1120"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12891\/ceog15722014"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","volume-title":"Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions","author":"Chandler 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