{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:02:00Z","timestamp":1790172120918,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":8,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Plant\u2010based diets, including vegan and vegetarian patterns, are gaining popularity among physically active individuals, including amateur runners. While such diets may offer health benefits, they also carry a risk of inadequate intake of key nutrients, among which iron plays a crucial role. This study compared diet quality, iron intake, and dietary supplementation among vegan, lactovegetarian, and omnivorous amateur runners in Warsaw, Poland. One hundred runners (52 males, 48 females; aged 18\u201365) were classified into vegan (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200936), lactovegetarian (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200910), and omnivorous (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200954) groups. Dietary intake was assessed via Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) and IRONIC\u2010FFQ for iron, and diet quality was measured by the Pro\u2010Healthy Diet Index (pHDI). Nutritional knowledge was assessed using a 10\u2010item test, and supplement use was evaluated via proprietary self\u2010reported questionnaire. Group differences were evaluated with ANOVA,\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010test, and Kruskal\u2013Wallis test. Pearson's\n                    <jats:italic>\u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    tests and Spearman correlation were also performed. No significant differences in age, Body Mass Index (BMI), height, or weight were found across groups. Plant\u2010based runners had higher median iron intakes (VEG: 20.5\u2009mg\/day; LOW: 19.97\u2009mg\/day) than omnivores (OMN: 13.21\u2009mg\/day,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). pHDI was highest in the LOW group (31.82), followed by VEG (25.57) and OMN (24.76), with no significant sex differences. Supplement use was more frequent in plant\u2010based groups (VEG: 91.7%, LOW: 90.0%, OMN: 63.0%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004); vitamin B12 and D were most common. Nutritional knowledge was significantly greater in VEG and LOW groups versus OMN (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Iron intake correlated positively with nutritional knowledge (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.014), while pHDI correlated negatively with BMI (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Well\u2010planned plant\u2010based diets supported adequate iron intake and diet quality in amateur athletes, with increased supplement use and nutritional awareness mitigating deficiency risks. Nutrition education and individual nutrition planning are advised for all athletes, with attention to iron status, especially in female runners.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72088","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T15:44:58Z","timestamp":1783611898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Comparative Analysis of Diet Quality, Iron Intake, and Supplementation Among Vegan and Omnivorous Amateur Runners Living in Urban Areas"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2084-2069","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Lewandowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Group \u201cSupplement\u201d VIZJA University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7445-8036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubert","family":"Dobrowolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medical and Health Sciences VIZJA University  Warsaw Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SMHS.2019.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1885782"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CLNU.2020.11.035\/ASSET\/1D949784\u2010EADF\u20104BD8\u2010BF5C\u2010FE537F75EEC5\/MAIN.ASSETS\/GR1.JPG"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2020.1735570;SUBPAGE:STRING:ACCESS"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BJSPORTS\u20102020\u2010102955"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU14102048"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU6031318"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/NBU.12592"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/LIFE11090987"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FNUT.2022.819106\/FULL"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SCISPO.2019.09.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU16101442\/S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fujii T. Y.Okumura E.Maeshima andK.Okamura.2015.\u201cSports and Exercise Medicine Dietary Iron Intake and Hemoglobin Concentration in College Athletes in Different Sports.\u201d","DOI":"10.23937\/2469-5718\/1510029"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU16193294"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSNEM.2017\u20100429"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/BMJOPEN\u20102019\u2010034045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU9030199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/O02\u2010159;WGROUP:STRING:CSP"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980023002124"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/IJSNEM.21.3.248"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","article-title":"The Influence of Vegetarian Diets on Iron Metabolism and Supplementation in Female Athletes","volume":"1","author":"Holmes M.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Exercise and Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU17020207"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJERPH20031856"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2016.06.039"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/NU15133038"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","unstructured":"Je\u017cewska\u2010Zychowicz M. 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M.Konstantaki andG.Horgan.2020.\u201cNutritional Deficiencies in Vegan Runners: A Comparison of Actual Versus Recommended Food Intakes and Dietary Recommendations.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.journalofexerciseandnutrition.com\/ManuscriptUploadsPDF\/154.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000636"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72088","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72088","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72088","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T13:14:57Z","timestamp":1790169297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72088"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72088"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72088","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-01-21","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-09","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72088"}}