{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:02:22Z","timestamp":1790172142158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Betalains, water\u2010soluble pigments from beetroot and other Caryophyllales plants, have shown promising anticancer and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, though systematic evaluations remain limited. This review synthesized preclinical in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo evidence on betalains' bioactivity and mechanisms. Literature searches (2015\u20132025) across PubMed, ScienceDirect, Wiley Online Library, and Taylor &amp; Francis identified 481 studies, with 25 meeting inclusion criteria under PRISMA guidelines. The risk of bias was assessed using multiple tools. The review has been registered in PROSPERO under ID 1172411. Findings indicate that betalains inhibit cancer cell viability and proliferation, including IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 64 to 107\u2009\u03bcg\/mL in colorectal cancer cell lines, induce apoptosis via caspase activation, increase G2\/M phase arrest to 49.6% in A549 lung cancer cells, reduce oral squamous cell carcinoma viability from 89% to 50%, and regulate genes such as p53, Bax, and Bcl\u20102. Anti\u2010inflammatory effects included suppression of NF\u2010\u03baB signaling and reduction of TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, COX\u20102, and iNOS, alongside enhanced antioxidant defenses. Risk of bias was generally low. Collectively, betalains emerge as safe, food\u2010derived compounds with potential for cancer and inflammation management. However, well\u2010designed clinical trials remain essential to establish efficacy and therapeutic applications in humans.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:02:18Z","timestamp":1784894538000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Anticancer and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Potential of Betalains: A Systematic Review on Preclinical Studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2736-4457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aroob","family":"Fatima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2852-7555","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Tauseef","family":"Sultan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1737-5920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhang Hameed","family":"Awlqadr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science and Quality Control, Halabja Technical College Sulaimani Polytechnic University  Sulaymaniyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7559-0338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmad Mujtaba","family":"Noman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0470-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hassan","family":"Raza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-7237-2862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zoha","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-3450-4930","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nimra","family":"Anees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition, Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition Bahauddin Zakariya University  Multan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5332-7918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaled","family":"Arab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture University of Tabriz  Tabriz Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0314280"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-95624-4_9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biom9070261"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.183657"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-23-0411"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","article-title":"Anti\u2010Oncogenic Perspectives of Spices\/Herbs: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"12","author":"Butt M. 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