{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:52:58Z","timestamp":1791003178351,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Protecting insulin molecules from glycation by the dietary ingredients is critical to alleviate diabetes\u2010associated metabolic complications. Six peanut sprout stilbenoids were selected for antiglycation determination with bovine insulin mediated by methylglyoxal (MG), glucose, and fructose. Monitoring at 215\u2009nm via HPLC analysis revealed that all test compounds exhibited inhibitory activities with structure\u2013activity dependency, among those arachidin\u20103 performing the most potent efficacy (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Notably, a biphasic dose\u2013response was observed, indicating that MG\u2010mediated insulin modification increased as MG concentrations decreased from 500 to 5\u2009mM and then declined as MG concentrations dropped to 0.05\u2009mM. This was supported by insulin band\u2010intensity changes shown in Tricine SDS\u2010PAGE pattern.\n                    <jats:italic>O<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010phenylenediamine (OPD) was utilized as a trapping probe to form MG\u2010OPD adducts for characterization and isolation. In high\u2010MG concentrations, a novel intermediate: 2\u2010(hydroxymethyl)\u20101,2,3,4\u2010tetrahydroquinoxaline\u20102,3\u2010diol (2HMQL) was isolated, identified and merited to speculate its precursor compounds existing in the MG equilibrium complex with less reactive hydrates or tautomers (e.g., dihydroxyacetone and\/or hydroxypyruvaldehyde) which protect insulin integrity from glycation. It is of merit to demonstrate that identification of 2HMQL provides a proposed equilibrium mechanism to elucidate the biphasic MG\u2010mediated insulin glycation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T08:21:26Z","timestamp":1785918086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Antiglycation of Insulin by Selected Six Bioactive Peanut Sprout Stilbenoids and Demonstration of Methylglyoxal\u2010Mediated Biphasic Insulin Glycation by\n                    <i>O<\/i>\n                    \u2010Phenylenediamine Derivatization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Po\u2010Chang","family":"Chiu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu\u2010Mei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6136-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu\u2010Jang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Chemistry National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih\u2010Yu","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science National Chiayi University  Chiayi Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6655-8611","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin Y.\u2010Y.","family":"Chiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science National Chiayi 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