{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:48:55Z","timestamp":1792511335927,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82372386"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82372386"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Osteoporosis remains a critical public health challenge worldwide, particularly for older adults. Dietary sodium intake is considered a potentially modifiable factor related to bone mineral density (BMD) and osteoporosis risk, but existing findings remain inconsistent, and large\u2010scale evidence is limited. This study combines cross\u2010sectional analysis from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) with Mendelian randomization (MR) to investigate the association and potential causal relationship between sodium intake and osteoporosis. Drawing on NHANES data from the 2005\u20132010, 2013\u20132014, and 2017\u20132018\u2009cycles (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20093350), we applied weighted multivariable logistic regression to evaluate the association between sodium intake and osteoporosis risk. Leveraging sodium metabolism\u2010related single\u2010nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) as instrumental variables, we performed two\u2010sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. MR estimates were derived using inverse\u2010variance weighting (IVW), MR\u2010Egger regression, and weighted median methods, with robustness assessed using pleiotropy tests and leave\u2010one\u2010out sensitivity analysis. Cross\u2010sectional analysis showed that each 1\u2009mg\/day increase in two\u2010day average dietary sodium intake was associated with approximately 0.011% lower odds of osteoporosis (OR\u2009=\u20090.99989, 95% CI: 0.99979\u20131.0000). Compared with the lowest quartile (Q1), participants in Q3 (OR\u2009=\u20090.48, 95% CI: 0.30\u20130.78,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.004) and Q4 (OR\u2009=\u20090.51, 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.93,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.028) had lower odds of osteoporosis (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010trend\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). MR analysis using the IVW method provided genetic evidence supporting a potential inverse association (OR\u2009=\u20090.51, 95% CI: 0.28\u20130.95), although the MR\u2010Egger estimate was nonsignificant and had a wide confidence interval (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.312). These findings support a potential inverse association between sodium intake and osteoporosis risk in this study population. Further prospective and experimental studies are needed to validate these findings, clarify the underlying mechanisms, and determine whether they have any implications for dietary recommendations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T09:45:56Z","timestamp":1788515156000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sodium Intake and Osteoporosis Risk: Evidence From\n                    <scp>NHANES<\/scp>\n                    and Mendelian Randomization Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-2862-4531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunxiao","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jishuitan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"},{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zibo","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rugang","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changsong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Ditan Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3136-1688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinbao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu3110951"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21758"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654\u2010017\u20100255\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.13551"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","first-page":"105","article-title":"The Epidemiology of Osteoporosis","volume":"133","author":"Clynes M. A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"British Medical Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.k601"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","first-page":"247","article-title":"Not Salt but Sugar as Aetiological in Osteoporosis: A Review","volume":"115","author":"DiNicolantonio J. J.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Missouri Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2025.118180"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14132736"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010022\u201018830\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01622200"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehad736"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3034"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602074"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.6.785"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2014.284"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2021.306517"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq098"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00198\u2010015\u20103440\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000001941"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jch.12716"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. n.d.\u5982\u4f55\u901a\u8fc7 24 \u5c0f\u65f6\u5c3f\u6db2\u6837\u672c\u83b7\u53d6\u4eba\u7fa4\u6c34\u5e73\u7684\u94a0\u6444\u5165\u91cf\u6307\u6807\u2014How to Obtain Measures of Population\u2010Level Sodium Intake in 24\u2010Hour Urine Samples.https:\/\/iris.who.int\/items\/bf884288\u20103d55\u20104b0c\u2010a574\u2010ef4a873faf04."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CM9.0000000000002753"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2022.04.001"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72147","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72147","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72147","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:18:45Z","timestamp":1792509525000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72147"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72147"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72147","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-06-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-06-26","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72147"}}