{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:53:08Z","timestamp":1791003188631,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Zinc is an essential trace element involved in antioxidant defense, immune regulation, and metabolic homeostasis, but its association with chronic kidney disease (CKD) in the general population remains unclear. We investigated the association between serum zinc levels and prevalent CKD among U.S. adults and explored the predictive relevance of serum zinc using machine\u2010learning approaches. We conducted a cross\u2010sectional analysis of adults from NHANES 2011\u20132016. Prevalent CKD was defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate &lt;\u200960\u2009mL\/min\/1.73\u2009m\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    and\/or urinary albumin\u2010to\u2010creatinine ratio \u2265\u200930\u2009mg\/g. Survey\u2010weighted logistic regression models, restricted cubic spline analysis, and prespecified subgroup analyses were performed. Exploratory machine\u2010learning analyses were conducted using a temporal split, and SHAP was used for model interpretation. A total of 4192 participants were included, of whom 685 had prevalent CKD. In the fully adjusted model, each 1\u2009\u03bcmol\/L increase in serum zinc was associated with lower odds of prevalent CKD (OR\u2009=\u20090.93, 95% CI: 0.87\u20130.99). Compared with the lowest quartile, the fully adjusted ORs were 0.65, 0.69, and 0.56 for the second, third, and highest quartiles, respectively (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for trend\u2009=\u20090.012). A nonlinear association was observed (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    for nonlinear\u2009=\u20090.023), with an apparent turning point at approximately 12.29\u2009\u03bcmol\/L. In exploratory machine\u2010learning analyses, random forest showed the highest temporal test\u2010set AUC, while SHAP analysis suggested that serum zinc contributed meaningful information within the predictive framework. Higher serum zinc levels were associated with a lower prevalence of CKD in U.S. adults. Serum zinc may be a relevant biomarker associated with kidney health, although temporality and causality cannot be inferred.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72170","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T06:56:38Z","timestamp":1785567398000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the Impact of Serum Zinc Levels on Chronic Kidney Disease: Machine Learning and\n                    <scp>SHAP<\/scp>\n                    Value Interpretation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6524-9638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxin","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kexin","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hematology, The Second Xiangya Hospital Central South University  Changsha Hunan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ningxu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2014.11.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.70.98"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3841"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8184"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2022.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12041667"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-021-00461-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-026-07745-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(25)01942-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-023-04953-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2102953"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00519-5"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"105","author":"KDIGO","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney International"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.686078"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.12239"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1331610"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8504-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42256-019-0138-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox6020024"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10157-021-02046-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Zinc and Endothelial Function","volume":"11","author":"McClain C.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051680"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-017-0571-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2435483"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9080752"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126809"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X06295361"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plan and Operation of the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988\u201394. 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