{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T14:03:22Z","timestamp":1790172202934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784851200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Preventing sarcopenia is a major goal for older adults. High protein breakfast, while maintaining overall daily intake, has been proposed as a promising approach to support muscle health. However, the optimal timing of protein consumption remains uncertain. Therefore, the specific effects of breakfast protein intake are therefore important for refining nutritional recommendations. The methodology of this review is as follows: which included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing morning protein intake with no intake in healthy and frail adults aged \u2265\u200960\u2009years. A trained librarian developed comprehensive search strategies for MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE, and\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\">ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    . Two reviewers independently screened the studies, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias using Cochrane's RoB tool 1.0. Standardized mean differences (SMD) were calculated using Review Manager. Seven RCTs involving 305 participants were included. Five studies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009181) reported lean mass with an SMD of \u22120.11 (95% CI, \u22120.41 to 0.18). Six studies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009274) measured grip strength (SMD \u22120.01; 95% CI, \u22120.25 to 0.23). Three studies (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009157) evaluated lower limb strength (SMD \u22120.11; 95% CI, \u22120.41 to 0.18), showing similar results. Morning protein intake had a marginal reduction in total daily energy intake (SMD \u22120.35; 95% CI, \u22120.70 to 0.00), and had a significant reduction in trials without exercise (SMD, \u22120.47; 95% CI, \u22120.82 to \u22120.11). As a conclusion, morning protein intake may not improve muscle mass, strength, or physical performance among older adults and may reduce little food intake without exercise. But the evidence is very uncertain. Further high\u2010quality RCTs are needed for the effects of morning protein intake on muscle health in older adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T04:40:12Z","timestamp":1784954412000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Protein or Amino Acid Intake at Breakfast for Muscle Mass Gain in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta\u2010Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9844-5996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ikeda","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical School, Department of Health Sciences, Major in Rehabilitation Science, Physical Therapy Program Nagoya City University  Nagoya city Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology Showa Medical University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences Showa Medical University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naonori","family":"Tashiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, School of Rehabilitation Gunma Paz University  Gunma Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5191-5620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Ohtsuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology Showa Medical University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences Showa Medical University  Yokohama Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-6723","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noyuri","family":"Yamaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology Showa Medical University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masaaki","family":"Matoba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing and Rehabilitation Sciences Showa Medical University  Yokohama Japan"},{"name":"Corporate Development Office Showa Medical University  Shinagawa\u2010ku, Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2520-9949","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hisashi","family":"Noma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology Showa Medical University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Interdisciplinary Statistical Mathematics The Institute of Statistical Mathematics  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-7441","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika","family":"Ota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Nursing Science, Global Health Nursing St Luke's International University  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0420-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takeshi","family":"Hasegawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Epidemiology Showa Medical University  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine Showa Medical University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Department of Hygiene, Public Health and Preventive Medicine Showa Medical University School of Medicine  Tokyo Japan"},{"name":"Center for Innovative Research for Communities and Clinical Excellence Fukushima Medical University  Fukushima 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