{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:53:03Z","timestamp":1791003183234,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785369600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004410","name":"T\u00fcrkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Ara\u015ft\u0131rma Kurumu","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004410","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Although a substantial body of evidence indicates that food insecurity is positively associated with obesity, the underlying mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. This cross\u2010sectional study, conducted on 859 individuals, aimed to examine the association between food insecurity and obesity. Food insecurity was assessed using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), which was developed by the Food and Nutrition Technical Assistance (FANTA) project under the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Factors influencing food insecurity and the role of food insecurity in obesity were evaluated. The mean age of the participants was 34.70\u2009\u00b1\u200913.84\u2009years (range: 18\u201385). The prevalence of obesity was 4.5% in the mildly food\u2010insecure group, 12% in the moderately food\u2010insecure group, and 11.3% in the severely food\u2010insecure group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.013). The odds of obesity were 2.075 times higher among those experiencing severe food insecurity. The odds of severe food insecurity were 1.59 times higher in men and 2.50 times higher in rural residents, but 2.8 times lower in households with an income above the poverty line (Odds Ratio [OR]\u2009=\u20090.356) and 1.87 times lower in those receiving social support (OR\u2009=\u20090.532). Individuals with moderate and severe food insecurity were found to consume less protein\u2010rich foods and more grain\u2010based (carbohydrate) and snack products daily (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Food insecurity was found to be a significant moderator in the relationship between protein intake and body mass index, with a stronger association observed at lower levels of food insecurity and a weaker association at higher levels. Food insecurity was associated with higher obesity prevalence, and this association was moderated by dietary patterns, specifically lower intake of protein\u2010rich foods and higher consumption of cereals and snack foods. Providing social support to at\u2010risk groups may help reduce obesity risk.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72193","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T04:50:49Z","timestamp":1785473449000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Direct and Moderating Effect of Food Insecurity on Obesity\u2014A Cross\u2010Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0780-6176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Burak","family":"Mete","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7327-7387","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hatice Merve","family":"Sad\u0131ko\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2113-7513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma \u0130rem","family":"Da\u011fl\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0553-1193","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u015eeyma Nur Kutay","family":"G\u00fcler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-2406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hakan","family":"Demirhindi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7408-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferdi","family":"Tan\u0131r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine \u00c7ukurova University  Adana Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/JWH.2017.6454"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.3743"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2022.0228"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1031\/sj.ejcn.1601427"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/TBM\/IBZ117"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/DMP.2021.172"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PHN2001318"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","unstructured":"Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey.2025.Consumer Prices Data.https:\/\/www.tcmb.gov.tr."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"Equivalence Scales: Rationales, Uses and Assumptions","author":"Chanfreau J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4162\/NRP.2015.9.4.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","volume-title":"Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS) for Measurement of Food Access: Indicator Guide (v. 3)","author":"Coates J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuv027"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","volume-title":"Introducing a Simple Measure of Household Hunger for Cross\u2010Cultural Use","author":"Deitchler M.","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000549751"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","volume-title":"Disaster and Economic Resilience Report 2023","author":"Disaster and Emergency Management Authority","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","unstructured":"Ebis Ltd.2021.BeBiS: Nutritional Information System (Version 9)[Computer Software].https:\/\/bebis.com.tr."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"The \u2018MUST\u2019 Report\u2010Nutritional Screening of Adults: A Multidisciplinary Responsibility\u2010 Development and Use of the \u2018Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool\u2019 for Adults","author":"Elia M.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889\u2010024\u201019129\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","volume-title":"The State of the World's Biodiversity for Food and Agriculture","author":"FAO Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture Assessments","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","volume-title":"World Food and Agriculture: Statistical Yearbook 2022","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","volume-title":"Crop Prospects and Food Situation: Quarterly Global Report (No. 3)","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_25_1","volume-title":"The State of Food Security and Nutrition in the World 2025: Addressing High Food Price Inflation for Food Security and Nutrition","author":"Food and Agriculture Organization","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900\u2010011\u20109420\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/OBY.24259"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_28_1","volume-title":"Poverty Statistics in the Late 1980s: Research Based on Micro\u2010Data","author":"Hagenaars A.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_29_1","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows (Version 20.0) [Computer Software]","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17233\/sosyoekonomi.2022.03.10"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_31_1","unstructured":"Jamovi Project.2025.Jamovi (Version 2.6)[Computer Software].https:\/\/www.jamovi.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37349\/emed.2025.1001334"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.24311"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_34_1","volume-title":"What do the Revised 2017 Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) Mean for Global Poverty?","author":"Kofi S.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI198334"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_36_1","volume-title":"Three Challenges and Three Opportunities for Food Security in Eastern and Southern Africa","author":"Kray H.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16223833"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/OBY.24297"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620\u2010026\u201009841\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869\u2010011\u20109248\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1082\u2010989X.12.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_42_1","volume-title":"World Bank Country Classifications by Income Level for 2024\u20102025","author":"Metreau E.","year":"2024"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuaf136"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394\u2010018\u20101819\u20106"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_45_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Farkl\u0131 E\u015fde\u011ferlik \u00d6l\u00e7eklerine G\u00f6re Temel Yoksulluk G\u00f6stergelerinin De\u011fi\u015fimi: T\u00fcrkiye \u00d6rne\u011fi [The Change of Basic Poverty Indicators According to Different Equivalence Scales: The Case of Turkey]","volume":"21","author":"Oztornac\u0131 B.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_46_1","volume-title":"Conflict Trends: A Global Overview, 1946\u20132019","author":"Palik J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2019.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwr140"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_49_1","volume-title":"Yemek ve Besin Foto\u011fraf Katalo\u011fu \u00d6l\u00e7\u00fc ve Miktarlar [Food and Nutrient Photo Catalogue: Sizes and Quantities]","author":"Rakicioglu N.","year":"2025"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41598\u2010024\u201074108\u2010X"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(24)00316\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.EURGER.2013.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/bjn20041258"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.219634"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exger.2022.112054"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_56_1","volume-title":"Global Food Security Index 2022","author":"The Economist Group","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jand.2017.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_58_1","volume-title":"Consumer Price Index, December 2023 (Press Release No. 49645)","author":"Turkish Statistical Institute","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_59_1","unstructured":"United Nations World Food Programme.2025.WFP Global Stories.https:\/\/www.wfp.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_60_1","volume-title":"Nutritional Epidemiology","author":"Willett W.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_61_1","volume-title":"Food Security Update: Food Price Inflation Higher Than Overall Inflation in Many Countries","author":"World Bank","year":"2023"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_62_1","volume-title":"Here's How we Can Protect Food Systems Against Global Shocks","author":"World Economic Forum","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_63_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization.2024.Food Safety 2024. Fact Sheet.https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\u2010room\/fact\u2010sheets\/detail\/food\u2010safety."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2024.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575\u2010024\u201000959\u20104"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72193","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72193","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72193","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:09:05Z","timestamp":1791000545000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72193"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72193"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72193","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-26","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-22","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72193"}}