{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:52:58Z","timestamp":1791003178337,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":2,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Dietary supplementation of\n                    <jats:italic>\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">Helix aspersa<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      M\u00fcller\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    with nettle (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Urtica dioica<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L.) or carob (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Ceratonia siliqua<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    L.) has been hypothesized to enhance the biochemical composition and gastroprotective properties of the secreted mucus through enrichment of its polyphenolic, protein, and glycoprotein content. This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of diet\u2010enriched snail mucus preparations across three supplementation levels (10%, 20%, and 30%) in an ethanol\u2010induced rat gastric ulcer model, encompassing phytochemical characterization, in\u00a0vitro antioxidant assessment, and in\u00a0vivo biochemical, systemic, and histopathological profiling. A standard snail mucus control group (SSSD) was included to isolate the specific contribution of dietary plant enrichment from the intrinsic properties of snail mucus itself. Analysis revealed that dietary supplementation significantly increased the yield of lyophilised snail mucus as well as its total phenolic, flavonoid, protein, and sugar contents in a dose\u2010dependent manner, with nettle exerting markedly superior effects than carob at all tested doses, attributable to its 33\u2010fold higher phenolic content and 15.5\u2010fold higher flavonoid content relative to carob extract. In\u00a0vivo, pretreatment with enriched mucus preparations significantly attenuated ethanol\u2010induced gastric injury across all evaluated parameters. The 30% nettle\u2010enriched group (SSUD30%) demonstrated the strongest gastroprotective effect, normalizing gastric pH (3.75\u2009\u00b1\u20090.074), reducing gastric juice volume (1.59\u2009\u00b1\u20090.071\u2009mL\/100\u2009g), restoring antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, GPx) to near\u2010control values, reducing lipid peroxidation markers (MDA: 0.35\u2009nmol\/mg protein), and attenuating systemic inflammatory biomarkers including CRP, hepatic enzymes, and lipid profile alterations. Histopathological semi\u2010quantitative scoring confirmed a histological damage score reduction from 11 (ethanol group) to 2 in the SSUD30% group, corresponding to 81.82% protection, significantly exceeding that of famotidine (36.3%). These findings support a comprehensive gastroprotective model based on three complementary and interdependent mechanisms: reinforcement of the physical mucus barrier through increased viscosity and glycoprotein content, enhancement of endogenous antioxidant defenses through restoration of SOD, CAT, and GPx activities via the Nrf2\/HO\u20101 pathway, and attenuation of systemic inflammatory cascades through inhibition of NF\u2010\u03baB\u2010mediated signaling by flavonoids and polyphenols incorporated into the enriched mucus. Overall, diet\u2010enriched snail mucus, particularly SSUD30%, should be conceptualized not merely as a topical mucoprotective agent, but as a multi\u2010target bioactive preparation whose efficacy depends on the complementary contribution of physical barrier reinforcement, antioxidant restoration, and anti\u2010inflammatory modulation. Future studies should prioritize identification of the specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed effects, assessment of bioavailability under gastrointestinal conditions, and validation of therapeutic potential in human clinical settings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72198","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T07:29:33Z","timestamp":1785742173000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Gastroprotective Effects of Nettle\u2010 and Carob\u2010Enriched Snail Mucus in a Rat Model of Gastric Injury: Role of Antioxidant and Anti\u2010Inflammatory Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8872-329X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khaoula","family":"Gharbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio\u2010Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja University of Jendouba  Beja Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slimen","family":"Selmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio\u2010Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja University of Jendouba  Beja Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-8475-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soumaya","family":"Wahabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio\u2010Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja University of Jendouba  Beja Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-7078-980X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanen","family":"Kahlaoui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization of Bio\u2010Resources, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Beja University of Jendouba  Beja Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7003-7955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karima","family":"Tlili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anaphate Service Tunis Military Hospital  Tunis Tunisia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-6953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefano","family":"D'allacqua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences University of Padova  Padova Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0131-1401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hichem","family":"Sebai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Functional Physiology and Valorization 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