{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:52:54Z","timestamp":1791003174491,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":10,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Water deficit stress is one of the main plant growth and productivity limitation factors. In current study, the\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    plants were exposed to three irrigation regimes (FC 100%, FC 75%, and FC 25%) combined with ZnO\u2010NPs (0, 25, and 50\u2009mg\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) and MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    (0, 1.5, and 3\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Growth, flowering, physiological, and biochemical characteristics were evaluated in a split\u2010plot experiment based on randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates during 2023\u20132024. The results demonstrated that severe drought stress markedly reduced leaf dry weight, flower weight, flower number, stigma dry weight, and corm production, while increasing ionic leakage, catalase activity, and proline accumulation. The combined application of ZnO\u2010NPs and MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    improved relative water content, photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant activity, vegetative growth, and flowering performance under full irrigation and mild water deficit (75% FC) conditions, while under severe drought (25% FC), these treatments especially ZnO\u2010NPs intensified plant stress. CAT activity and proline content increased considerably in response to ZnO\u2010NPs 50\u2009mg\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u00d7\u2009MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    3\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    under FC 75% and FC 25%. Application of ZnO\u2010NPs and MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    effectively alleviated drought\u2010induced damages under moderate irrigation (FC 75%) and enhanced plant tolerance to water stress. Results of PCA and Cluster analysis proved that application of ZnO\u2010NPs at 50\u2009mg\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009+\u2009MgSO\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    3\u2009g\u2009L\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    provide the most balanced improvement in growth, flowering, and stress tolerance traits under mild drought stress.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T05:09:37Z","timestamp":1786511377000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Enhancement of Morpho\u2010Physiological, Physiological, and Antioxidant Capacity of Saffron (\n                    <i>Crocus sativus<\/i>\n                    L.) Under Water Deficit Using ZnO Nanoparticles and Magnesium Sulfate: Implications for Saffron Yield"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Laila Turki","family":"Fadala","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, College of Agriculture and Marshes University of Thi\u2010Qar  Nasiriyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5697-0596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seham","family":"Zaben","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Education for Pure Sciences University of Thi\u2010Qar  Nasiriyah Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekhlas Meteab Ahmed","family":"Marir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture and Landscape, College of Agriculture University of Diyala  Diyala Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2806-4551","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heidar","family":"Meftahizade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture &amp; Natural Resources Ardakan University  Ardakan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings12020201"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","first-page":"345","article-title":"Nutrients Can Be Effectively Absorbed by Saffron (\n                     Crocus sativus\n                   L.) 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