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This study aimed to develop and evaluate a pharmabiotic oral spray containing microencapsulated Lactiplantibacillus pentosus, sodium hyaluronate, and licorice (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Glycyrrhiza glabra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) extract to support oral microbial homeostasis.\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>L. pentosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    was microencapsulated by freeze\u2010drying using maltodextrin and gum arabic as wall materials. The microencapsulation process resulted in an encapsulation efficiency of 94.74%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.12% and a post\u2010encapsulation viability of 8.17\u2009\u00b1\u20090.05 log CFU\/mL. Four oral spray formulations (F1\u2013F4) were prepared and evaluated for antimicrobial, antibiofilm, antioxidant, physicochemical, microbiological, and stability properties. All formulations exhibited antibacterial activity against Gram\u2010positive oral pathogens, particularly\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , while no inhibitory activity was observed against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    or\n                    <jats:italic>Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    species. Antibiofilm analysis demonstrated substantial inhibition, ranging from 56.17%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.91% to 70.99%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.32% against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    and from 72.42%\u2009\u00b1\u20090.56% to 87.03%\u2009\u00b1\u20091.76% against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    . Antioxidant assays (DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC) confirmed moderate and consistent antioxidant activity across all formulations. During 3\u2009months of storage, probiotic viability remained above 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009CFU\/mL in most formulations. Viability losses under refrigerated conditions were limited to approximately 0.38\u20130.50 log CFU\/mL, while formulation F2 retained 8.42\u2009\u00b1\u20090.14 log CFU\/mL under accelerated conditions. Among the tested formulations, F1 exhibited the most favorable overall physicochemical characteristics and stability profile. These findings demonstrate that the developed oral spray represents a promising pharmabiotic delivery system combining probiotic viability, antibiofilm activity, and antioxidant potential for supporting oral health and microbial balance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72243","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T04:24:17Z","timestamp":1786335857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Development and Functional Evaluation of a Pharmabiotic Food Supplement Containing Microencapsulated\n                    <i>Lactiplantibacillus pentosus<\/i>\n                    for Oral Microbiome Health"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6258-1993","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pervin","family":"Soyer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology Anadolu University  Eskisehir Turkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9596-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. 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