{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:52:56Z","timestamp":1791003176515,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":9,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Aflatoxins are highly toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain species of\n                    <jats:italic>Aspergillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    that can contaminate food products and pose significant health risks to humans and animals. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and contamination levels of total aflatoxins (total AF) and aflatoxin B\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    (AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) in maize flour marketed in Jiroft City, Kerman Province, Iran, and to assess the associated dietary exposure and health risk. Forty commercially packaged maize flour samples were collected from various local markets and supermarkets during June and July 2023. The concentrations of total AF and AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    were quantified using competitive enzyme\u2010linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All analyses were performed in duplicate to ensure reproducibility and accuracy. Detectable concentrations above the assay limit of detection (LOD) were found in 27 (67.5%) samples for AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    and 28 (70%) samples for total AF. Notably, AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    levels exceeded the European Commission (EC) permissible limit of 2\u2009\u03bcg\/kg in 14 samples (35%), while total AF levels were above the EC limit of 4\u2009\u03bcg\/kg in 8 samples (20%). Furthermore, 4 samples (10%) surpassed the regulatory threshold of 5\u2009\u03bcg\/kg for AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , while none exceeded the allowable limit of 30\u2009\u03bcg\/kg for total AF, as established by the Iran National Standards Organization (INSO). The estimated daily intake (EDI) of AFB\n                    <jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\n                    , calculated based on maize flour consumption and average body\u2010weight data for the adult population, was 2.29\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009\u03bcg\/kg body weight\/day. The calculated margin of exposure (MOE) was 1748.25, which is below the reference value of 10,000, indicating a potential health concern for consumers. Overall, the findings indicate that aflatoxin contamination in maize flour marketed in Jiroft remains a food safety concern and highlight the need for routine monitoring and strengthened quality control measures to minimize consumer exposure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72246","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:44:47Z","timestamp":1786427087000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin\n                    <scp>\n                      B\n                      <sub>1<\/sub>\n                    <\/scp>\n                    and Total Aflatoxins in Maize Flour From Jiroft City, Iran"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zohreh","family":"Mashak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Ka.C Islamic Azad University  Karaj Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5853-752X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Heshmati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3565-3020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir Sasan","family":"Mozaffari Nejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bio Environmental Health Hazards Research Center Jiroft University of Medical Sciences  Jiroft Iran"},{"name":"Infectious Disease and Tropical Medicine Research Center Isfahan University of Medical Sciences  Isfahan Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali Asghar","family":"Kheirkhah Vakilabad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Jiroft University of Medical Sciences  Jiroft Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeme","family":"Asgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, TeMS.C Islamic Azad University  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0919-4476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Mahdi","family":"Soori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health Jiroft University of Medical Sciences  Jiroft Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Habibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Accounting and Management, Par.C Islamic Azad University  Pardis Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5796-7170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kasim Sakran","family":"Abass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine University of Kirkuk  Kirkuk Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003252023-12"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311932.2023.2221015"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.08.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2017.1354306"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2015.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14030167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10061279"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2022.2098479"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Mycotoxins in the Food Chain: Human Health Implications","volume":"16","author":"Bryden W. 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No.: 12968. 1st Revision.\u201d"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Iranian National Standards Organization (INSO) No. 5925; Maximum Tolerated Limits of Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds, 1st Revision","author":"Institute of Standards and Industrial Research of Iran","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03067319.2019.1676421"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-35997-3_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569543.2014.922580"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2013.830277"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2015.02.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq283"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28361"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109519"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s43014-021-00064-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.japr.2025.100522"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2017.11.032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pbr.12658"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19393210.2024.2331630"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","first-page":"407","article-title":"Assessment of AflatoxinM1 Contamination in UHT Flavored Milk Samples in Karaj, Iran","volume":"15","author":"Mashak Z.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Determination of Aflatoxin Level in Stored Maize Flour and Risk of Exposure From Consumption of Aflatoxin Contaminated Meal in Boarding School","volume":"9","author":"Mfinanga Mariam A.","year":"2024","journal-title":"International Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52547\/jgs.22.67.57"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","first-page":"176","article-title":"Milk Contamination and Regulatory Updates","volume":"10","author":"Mousavi Khaneghah A.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Food Quality and Hazards Control"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","first-page":"133","volume-title":"Global Pistachio Production and Marketing Challenges in Iran","author":"Mozaffari Nejad A.","year":"2011"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","first-page":"44","article-title":"The Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Aflatoxin M1 in Cheeses Samples From Hamadan, Iran","volume":"19","author":"Mozaffari Nejad A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/15569543.2014.942319"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"The Measurement of Aflatoxin B1 in Chilli and Black Peppers of Qaemshahr, Iran","volume":"22","author":"Mozaffari Nejad A. 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