{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T15:46:47Z","timestamp":1792511207762,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100017590","name":"Hubei University of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Q201810"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Q201810"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100017590","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to poor infant metabolic outcomes, potentially via altered human milk (HM) hormones and microRNAs. Since their specific roles remain unclear, this study synthesizes current evidence on HM adipose tissue\u2010derived hormones (particularly adiponectin, leptin, and resistin) and microRNA modifications during gestational diabetes. Firstly, a systematic review following PRISMA 2020 guidelines was conducted (PROSPERO: CRD42024612813). Searches in major databases identified studies comparing HM adiponectin, leptin, or resistin concentrations and\/or miRNA profiles between GDM and normoglycemic mothers. Secondly, bioinformatics analysis using miRWalk 3.0, functional enrichment, and network topology mapping examined miRNA interactions with\n                    <jats:italic>ADIPOQ, LEP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>RETN<\/jats:italic>\n                    genes. Twelve studies were included. Adiponectin showed the most consistent GDM\u2010associated reductions, though findings were context\u2010dependent. Leptin was primarily associated with maternal adiposity rather than GDM status. Resistin evidence was insufficient. Three miRNA studies revealed stage\u2010dependent dysregulation in GDM, with\n                    <jats:italic>miR\u2010148a, miR\u201030b, let\u20107a<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>let\u20107d<\/jats:italic>\n                    linked to infant growth outcomes during the first 6\u2009months. Bioinformatics identified\n                    <jats:italic>miR\u2010148a\u20105p<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>miR\u201030b\u20103p<\/jats:italic>\n                    as targeting all three adipokine genes, with enrichment in glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance pathways. Network analysis highlighted\n                    <jats:italic>TCF7L2, INSR, GCK<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>HNF1A<\/jats:italic>\n                    as central nodes. GDM is associated with selective alterations in HM adipokines and miRNAs, with adiponectin and specific miRNAs showing the strongest signals. These findings support a conceptual model where GDM shapes HM's molecular composition through interacting endocrine and posttranscriptional mechanisms, potentially influencing infant metabolic programming. Larger longitudinal studies are needed to validate these observations and determine clinical relevance.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T12:38:21Z","timestamp":1788179901000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Alterations in Human Milk Adiponectin, Leptin, Resistin, and\n                    <scp>microRNAs<\/scp>\n                    in Mothers With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Compared With Healthy Controls: A Systematic Review and Network\u2010Based Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhijun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Pharmacy Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology  Xianning Hubei Province P. R. China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryam","family":"Davoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirreza","family":"Ghafourian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Parmida","family":"Dehghan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mojde","family":"Ahmadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Students\u2019 Scientific Research Center Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8450-7818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seyed Mohammad","family":"Ayyoubzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolei","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Diabetes and Angiopathy, School of Pharmacy Xianning Medical College, Hubei University of Science and Technology  Xianning Hubei Province P. 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