{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T06:59:22Z","timestamp":1790405962685,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The present study reports the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) using the aqueous extract of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (saffron) as a natural reducing and stabilizing agent, followed by comprehensive in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo biological investigations. IONPs were confirmed by UV\u2013visible spectroscopy (peak at 430\u2009nm), FTIR analysis (peaks at 3400, 2900, 1650, 1380, and 1050\u2009cm\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    indicating polyphenols, flavonoids, and proteins), and SEM imaging, which revealed a highly aggregated, irregular morphology. ImageJ analysis features gave a mean equivalent diameter of 111.98\u2009\u00b1\u200983.70\u2009nm. EDS analysis confirmed iron (44.74\u2009wt%) and oxygen (24.82\u2009wt%) as the major elements with organic capping (28\u2009wt% carbon). The phytochemical constituents of\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>C.\u2009sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    are rich in phenolics and flavonoids, which effectively facilitated the reduction of Fe\n                    <jats:sup>3+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ions to stable nanoscale iron oxide particles. The in\u00a0vitro enzyme inhibition assays revealed significant inhibitory effects on\n                    <jats:italic>\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010glucosidase and xanthine oxidase, with IC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 33.08\u2009\u00b1\u20091.29 and 2.96\u2009\u00b1\u20090.49\u2009\u03bcg\/mL, respectively, and moderate inhibition of carbonic anhydrase\u2010II (49%). Antibacterial evaluation demonstrated an important zone of inhibition ZOI (21.45\u2009mm) against\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , indicating the antimicrobial potential of the IONPs compared to the crude extract. In\u00a0vivo pharmacological screening further supported their biological efficacy. IONPs showed potent analgesic activity (78% inhibition at 10\u2009mg\/kg), pronounced anti\u2010inflammatory effects in carrageenan\u2010 and histamine\u2010induced paw edema models (up to 95% inhibition), and marked sedative properties at low doses. These results suggest that\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Crocus sativus<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    \u2010mediated IONPs may possess strong therapeutic potential due to their enhanced biochemical, antimicrobial, anti\u2010inflammatory, and analgesic activities. The study highlights saffron\u2010assisted green synthesis as an efficient, eco\u2010friendly, and biocompatible approach for developing multifunctional nanomaterials with possible applications in pharmaceutical, biomedical, and health\u2010related fields.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T11:41:56Z","timestamp":1788262916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>Crocus sativus<\/i>\n                    (Saffron) Aqueous Extract Mediated Green Synthesis of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their In\u00a0Vitro and In\u00a0Vivo Biological Investigations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2429-5491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur","family":"Rauf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khurram","family":"Shehzad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hira","family":"Naeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Baqai Medical University  Karachi Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8608-1920","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shahkar","family":"Usama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9645-6042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zubair","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bilal","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Swabi  Anbar Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naveed","family":"Muhammad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy Abdul Wali Khan University  Mardan Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0013-7854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Shafique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy Shaqra University  Shaqra Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8738-8076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yahya S.","family":"Al\u2010Awthan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3584-6674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar S.","family":"Bahattab","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science University of Tabuk  Tabuk Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8452-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammed Mansour","family":"Quradha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Education Seiyun University  Seiyun Yemen"},{"name":"Pharmacy Department, Medical Sciences Aljanad University for Science and Technology  Taiz Yemen"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","first-page":"259","article-title":"Safran (\n                     Crocus sativus\n                   L.) 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