{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:57:00Z","timestamp":1790571420917,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790467200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The consumption of palm weevil larvae (\n                    <jats:italic>Rhynchophorus phoenicis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a traditional edible insect in Ghana, is on the rise; nevertheless, comprehensive data are scarce regarding the impact of culinary processing on its nutritional profile and safety. This research assessed the proximate composition, mineral content, chemical safety (heavy metals), health risk, microbiological quality, and physicochemical properties of fresh, boiled, fried, and roasted\n                    <jats:italic>R.\u2009phoenicis<\/jats:italic>\n                    larvae. The proximate composition was analyzed using AOAC methods, essential and harmful metals were measured through AAS and ICP\u2010MS, microbiological quality was evaluated via standard culture methods, and potential health risks were determined using estimated daily intake (EDI) and target hazard quotient (THQ). Frying and roasting significantly reduced moisture content (to 30.5% and 46.2%, respectively) and increased protein content by 133.36% and 114.89%, respectively, compared to fresh larvae. Fat content was highest in fried samples (34.4%), resulting in elevated energy values (442.19\u2009kcal\/100\u2009g). Calcium and iron contents increased significantly following frying and roasting, while zinc was better retained in fresh and boiled samples. Mercury and arsenic were below detection limits in all samples, whereas lead (0.33\u20130.39\u2009mg\/kg) and cadmium (0.82\u20130.94\u2009mg\/kg) exceeded Codex maximum limits; nevertheless, THQ values for all metals were &lt;\u20091, indicating low non\u2010carcinogenic health risk. ILCR values for cadmium ranged from 3.4\u20134.1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    , slightly above the US EPA acceptable risk level (1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). MOE values for lead ranged from 1.79\u20131.96, indicating that exposure from PWL consumption is within a range of concern under the EFSA framework. Consuming fresh PWL unwashed (APC\u2009=\u20097.0 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/g) or washed with water only (APC\u2009=\u20095.2 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    CFU\/g) is not recommended based on microbiological safety standards. UV\u2010spectra data corroborated the study findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T04:41:17Z","timestamp":1790570477000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nutritional Composition, Chemical Safety, and Microbiological Quality of Farmed Palm Weevil Larvae (\n                    <i>Rhynchophorus phoenicis<\/i>\n                    ) From a Commercial Rearing Unit in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5337-5007","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Benjamin Kumah","family":"Mintah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Food Research Institute  Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Agro\u2010Processing Technology and Food Bio\u2010Sciences CSIR College of Science and Technology (CCST)  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3219-2863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hilary Kwesi","family":"Ketemepi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Food Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0177-596X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Asiamah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Food Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4057-3674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akwasi Akomeah","family":"Agyekum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutrition Research Centre Ghana Atomic Energy Commission  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethel Juliet Serwa","family":"Blessie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Food Research Institute  Accra Ghana"},{"name":"Department of Agro\u2010Processing Technology and Food Bio\u2010Sciences CSIR College of Science and Technology (CCST)  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-0846-6409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akua Boatemaa","family":"Arthur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIR\u2010Food Research Institute  Accra Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6109-9065","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mokhtar","family":"Dabbour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Benha University  Moshtohor Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.53388\/FTHC20220130006.Executive"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5897\/IJBC12.121"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Identification and Classification of Common Edible Insects in Ghana","volume":"1","author":"Anankware J. P.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Entomology Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","volume-title":"Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","author":"AOAC International","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PAVSNNR20094027"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2007.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","volume-title":"Recommended International Code of Practice: General Principles of Food Hygiene","author":"Codex Alimentarius Commission","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nbu.12291"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2010.1570"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Nutritional Potential of the Larva of Rhynchophorus phoenicis (F.) in Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Ekpo K. E.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Zhejiang University. Science. B"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Commission Regulation (EC) no 2073\/2005 of 15 November 2005 on Microbiological Criteria for Foodstuffs","volume":"338","author":"European Commission","year":"2010","journal-title":"Official Journal of the European Union"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.70459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1745\u20106673\u20101\u201022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308\u20108146(03)00161\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3920\/JIFF2016.0004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00346650410529005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Statistics for Censored Environmental Data Using Minitab and R","author":"Helsel D. 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