{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:55:37Z","timestamp":1790769337242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Promoting positive and well\u2010being\u2010centered eating behavior in humans has recently garnered considerable attention. If the postprandial metabolic response of nutrients, especially sugars that are deleterious to health, can be controlled through processing, we can enjoy food without restrictions. To our knowledge, no study has reported the effect of extrusion cooking on the digestive response of sugars other than starch. Hence, we aimed to examine the effects of consuming extrusion\u2010processed chocolate on glucose, insulin, and triglyceride blood levels through a randomized, double\u2010blind, crossover trial using compositionally identical chocolate processed without extrusion. We hypothesized that extrusion processing is associated with the postprandial metabolic response of sugars. Participants who consumed chocolate processed by extrusion cooking exhibited typically lower blood glucose concentration (17.8 \u00b1\u20096.0\u2009mg\/dL) at 45 min and significantly lower blood insulin (20.6 \u00b1\u20093.1\u2009\u03bcU\/mL) at 30\u2009min than those who consumed chocolate processed without extrusion (25.1 \u00b1\u20096.4\u2009mg\/dL and 26.8 \u00b1\u20093.9\u2009\u03bcU\/mL, respectively). Serum triglyceride concentrations continued to increase until 180\u2009min following chocolate ingestion, with levels in participants who consumed extrusion\u2010processed chocolate being significantly lower than those in the group that consumed chocolate processed without extrusion. The appetite survey revealed a sustained feeling of fullness after consuming extrusion\u2010processed chocolate. In simulated dissolution, extrusion\u2010processed chocolate yielded less sucrose equivalent than processing\u2010free chocolate, indicating a dissolution rate influence on human digestion. In conclusion, our findings suggest that glucose and lipid metabolism can be controlled through food processing, which has implications for the development of simultaneously palatable and healthy foods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72409","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:02:24Z","timestamp":1790766144000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chocolate Processed by Extrusion Cooking Affects Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Humans: A Randomized, Double\u2010Blind, Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1071-9006","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasuyoshi","family":"Kinta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9879-1231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hiroko","family":"Maruki\u2010Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masahiro","family":"Umehara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryoichi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4456-8310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryotaro","family":"Shiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Yasumoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4723-726X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadao","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute Morinaga &amp; Co. Ltd.  Yokohama Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Koikeda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shiba Palace Clinic  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pacs.2023.100485"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394\u2010025\u201003732\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114378"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","volume-title":"Industrial Chocolate Manufacture and Use","author":"Beckett S. T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.30.1.5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/a\u20101263\u20100898"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2011.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596\u2010018\u20100119\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08\u20100063"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2015.08.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2021.111533"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20051457"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN2002786"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","volume-title":"Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food Digestion","author":"Golding M.","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602273"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2025.1661603"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08957959.2013.780056"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/IJGM.S418520"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08\u20101411"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3136\/nskkk.63.236"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476\u2010511X\u201013\u2010195"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","first-page":"82","article-title":"Overcoming the Challenge of Poor Drug Solubility","volume":"32","author":"Kakran M.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmaceutical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/bmt.2012.244"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2107926"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256083"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/bjac020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.1995.0043"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2023.138331"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-5745-0","volume-title":"Chocolate, Cocoa and Confectionery: Science and Technology","author":"Minifie B. W.","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255\u2010021\u201000469\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","volume-title":"Extrusion of Metals, Polymers and Food Products","author":"Moreno C. R.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","first-page":"6","article-title":"Carbohydrates in Human Nutrition","volume":"24","author":"Nantel G.","year":"1999","journal-title":"Food Nutrition and Agriculture"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.04.040"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.GL2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","volume-title":"Nutrition and Psychiatric Disorders","author":"Orsolini L.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19053001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/1659384"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422421000020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appet.2012.04.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750\u20103841.14406"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.13098"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","volume-title":"Particles and Nanoparticles in Pharmaceutical Products","author":"Sandri G.","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1271\/bbb.69.1819"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0136840"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213\u20108587(23)00086\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3492"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.21.495"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics12050393"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010017\u201017262\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.126436"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","first-page":"707","article-title":"Effects of Twin\u2010Screw Extrusion on the Physical Properties of Dietary Fiber and Other Components of Whole Wheat and Wheat Bran and on the Baking Quality of the Wheat Bran","volume":"70","author":"Wang W.\u2010M.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cereal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.106166"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/star.201700110"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72409","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72409","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72409","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T11:02:27Z","timestamp":1790766147000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72409"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72409"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72409","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-02","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72409"}}