{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T05:01:55Z","timestamp":1790830915518,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790726400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Food Science &amp;amp; Nutrition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>This study aimed to characterize phenolic compounds from green coffee beans and apple juices and to evaluate polyphenol oxidase (PPO) from different apple cultivars as a natural biocatalyst for phenolic\u2013milk bioactive peptide conjugation. Phenolic profiling by HPLC\u2013MS analysis showed that chlorogenic acids were the major phenolic compounds in green coffee beans, with 5\u2010CQA being predominant. Among the tested apple cultivars, Braeburn exhibited the highest PPO activity (6262.4\u2009\u00b1\u2009462.6\u2009U\/L) and a moderate chlorogenic acid content. BioZate1 (BZ1) and Glycomacropeptide (GMP) peptides were modified under alkaline and PPO\u2010mediated conditions. A significant reduction in free CQA levels was observed after 24\u2009h, particularly in alkaline\u2010treated samples. MALDI\u2010TOF\u2010MS and RP\u2010HPLC analyses provided evidence consistent with the formation of peptide\u2013CQA conjugates, with alkaline modification yielding the highest bound phenolic content (14.95\u2009\u03bcg\/mg protein for ABZ1 and 10.14\u2009\u03bcg\/mg for AGMP). These findings indicate that apple\u2010derived PPO can promote coffee phenolic conversion under the tested conditions and support its potential as a natural biocatalytic system for peptide\u2013phenolic modification. However, the lower CQA\u2010associated fraction observed with PPO\u2010mediated treatment compared with alkaline treatment, together with the absence of a heat\u2010inactivated PPO control, limits definitive attribution of the observed modification specifically to PPO or confirmation of covalent conjugation. Further structural investigations are therefore required to establish the nature and specific sites of peptide\u2013phenolic interactions. Moreover, the developed modification system may provide a basis for future studies on the functional and technological properties of the modified peptides.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.72435","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:52:15Z","timestamp":1790830335000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Conjugation of Coffee Phenolics With Milk Bioactive Peptides: Characterization of Coffee and Apple Phenolics and Evaluation of Polyphenol Oxidase as a Natural Biocatalyst"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0242-3712","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bandar N.","family":"Hamadneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agriculture Ajloun National University  Ajloun Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7372-7751","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Entisar D.","family":"Mustafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Science Department, College of Agriculture Tikrit University  Tikrit Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7194-5429","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed E.","family":"Alkafafy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, College of Science Taif University  Taif Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebtihal","family":"Khojah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Science Taif University  Taif Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bassem N.","family":"Samra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science Taif University  Taif Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8682-5932","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Eutyche Mbadjoun","family":"Wapet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Advanced School of Engineering Universit'e de Yaound'e I  Yaound'e Cameroon"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2460-1850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed Metwally","family":"Mahmoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENET Centre, CEET VSB\u2014Technical University of Ostrava  Ostrava Czech Republic"},{"name":"Jadara University Research Center Jadara University  Irbid Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1084-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Waleed Z.","family":"Badawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh University  Kafr Elsheikh Egypt"},{"name":"Food Industry Technology Program, Faculty of Industrial and Energy Technology Borg Al Arab Technological University (BATU)  Alexandria Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2155-3651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmoud","family":"Khalil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nutritional Science Institute Potsdam University  Potsdam Germany"},{"name":"Nutrition and Food Science Department, Faculty of Home Economics Menoufia University  Shibin El Kom Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3025-2279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed A.","family":"Salama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Center Food Technology Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3538-1096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamed","family":"Abdin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Center Food Technology Research Institute  Giza Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0121-1235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mostafa","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture Kafrelsheikh University  Kafr Elsheikh Egypt"},{"name":"Nutritional Science Institute Potsdam University  Potsdam Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"Ali M.2013.Interactions of Food Proteins With Plant Phenolics\u2013Modulation of Structural Techno\u2010and Bio\u2010Functional Properties of Proteins. (PhD thesis) Potsdam University Germany Potsdam."},{"issue":"28","key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.1021\/jf402221m","article-title":"Milk Whey Protein Modification by Coffee\u2010Specific Phenolics: Effect on Structural and Functional Properties","volume":"61","author":"Ali M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2245","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13112","article-title":"Ultrasonic Treatment as a Modern Technique to Facilitate the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Organic Sunflower Seed Cakes","volume":"104","author":"Ali M.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-022-05646-3","article-title":"Limited Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Green Coffee Protein as a Technique for Preparing New Functional Food Components","volume":"60","author":"Ali M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ijfood\/vvaf189"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947\u2010023\u201003208\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26247502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114562","article-title":"Impact of Quercetin Conjugation Using Alkaline and Free Radical Methods With Tandem Ultrasonication on the Functional Properties of Camel Whey and Its Hydrolysates","volume":"190","author":"Baba W. N.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2025.117031"},{"issue":"14","key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5540","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145540","article-title":"Risk Assessment of Chlorogenic and Isochlorogenic Acids in Coffee By\u2010Products","volume":"28","author":"Behne S.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108787","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2023.108787","article-title":"Impact of Binding Interaction Modes Between Whey Protein Concentrate and Quercetin on Protein Structural and Functional Characteristics","volume":"142","author":"Cheng J.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Hydrocolloids"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114055","article-title":"Analytical Characterization of Flavan\u20103\u2010Ol\u2010Rich Apple Juices Produced With the Innovative Spiral Filter Press Technology","volume":"180","author":"Dussling S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","first-page":"277","article-title":"Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activities of Whey Protein Isolate Covalently Modified With Chlorogenic and Rosmarinic Acids","volume":"28","author":"Elsebaie E.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","first-page":"1165","article-title":"Suppression of Pepper Mild Mottle Virus (PMMoV) by Modified Whey Proteins","volume":"12","author":"Elsharkawy M. M.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c05481","article-title":"Systematic Review of Phenolic Compounds in Apple Fruits: Compositions, Distribution, Absorption, Metabolism, and Processing Stability","volume":"69","author":"Feng S.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.2202\/1542-6580.1445","article-title":"Partial Purification and Characterization of Polyphenol Oxidase Extracted From Agaricus bisporus (J. E. Lange) Imbach","volume":"5","author":"Gouzi H.","year":"2007","journal-title":"International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hutabarat O. andH.Halbwirth.2019.Polyphenol Oxidase and Peroxidase Activity in Apple: Dependency on Cultivar and Fruit Processing. Paper Presented at the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science.","DOI":"10.1088\/1755-1315\/355\/1\/012106"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules31020287","article-title":"Recent Insights Into Protein\u2010Polyphenol Complexes: Molecular Mechanisms, Processing Technologies, Synergistic Bioactivities, and Food Applications","volume":"31","author":"Huynh H. 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C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei L. S.Yao C.Kuang L.Wang S.Liang andH.Li.2025.Chlorogenic Acids Sensory Quality and Their Relationship in Global Geisha Coffees.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-7404158\/v1"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9070567","article-title":"Antioxidant Activity Modulated by Polyphenol Contents in Apple and Leaves During Fruit Development and Ripening","volume":"9","author":"Wojdy\u0142o A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.914118"}],"container-title":["Food Science &amp; Nutrition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72435","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/fsn3.72435","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/fsn3.72435","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:52:27Z","timestamp":1790830347000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/fsn3.72435"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/fsn3.72435"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/fsn3.72435","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2048-7177","2048-7177"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2048-7177","type":"print"},{"value":"2048-7177","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-09-30","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e72435"}}