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Lastly, we categorized lakes based on elevation and trophic status to further discern fire effects on water quality. Mean residual surface chlorophyll\u2010a concentrations during and within 2\u2009weeks after smoke periods were significantly elevated (1.5\u2009\u03bcg\/L) compared to values from no smoke periods (\u22120.3\u2009\u03bcg\/L). Moreover, surface chlorophyll\u2010a responses increased significantly with higher smoke density, and in hundreds of the lakes, increased by amounts exceeding global drinking water alerts for chlorophyll\u2010a. We observed significant increases in responses for lakes at higher elevation (&gt;\u2009538\u2009m) and for eutrophic lakes. We hypothesize that fire\u2010driven smoke effects are contributing to the formation of algal blooms given the proper antecedent conditions, like elevated water temperatures. Algal\u00a0blooms can occur after ephemeral change in lake trophic status and produce cyanotoxins and other adverse impacts. Because wildfire smoke can affect large regions, our findings have implications for drinking water and recreational lakes across the U.S. and globally, as well as for lake ecology, particularly in higher elevation systems with otherwise limited nutrient inputs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gcb4.70004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T05:27:12Z","timestamp":1769146032000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Algal Blooms in Lakes Increase After Wildfire Smoke Events in the Contiguous United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"1","author":[{"given":"Nicole E.","family":"Olson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development  Research Triangle Park North Carolina USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meredith M.","family":"Brehob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Hosted at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Office of Research and Development  Washington D.C. 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