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All patients with prostate cancer and BPH had a histologically confirmed diagnosis. Among the prostate cancer group were 3 patients with acinar prostate adenocarcinoma and 1 patient with small\u2010acinar prostate adenocarcinoma. Using single\u2010cell RNA sequencing (scRNA\u2010seq) on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from PCa and BPH patients, we identified 16 immune cell clusters, with elevated CD14+ monocytes, NK cells, and \u03b3\u03b4 T cells in PCa. Differential gene expression analysis revealed 40 overexpressed genes in PCa monocytes, including <jats:italic>CSMD1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ZBTB16<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ZNF217<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>SERPINI2<\/jats:italic>, linked to tumor progression, cell cycle regulation, EMT, androgen signaling, and metabolism. <jats:italic>SCN2A<\/jats:italic> was highly expressed in PCa B cells, while <jats:italic>ABO<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>FMN1<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>TXNIP<\/jats:italic> in CD4+ T cells modulated immune evasion, cytoskeletal regulation, and oxidative stress. Pathway analysis showed PCa monocytes had heightened interleukin\u201027 signaling, whereas BPH monocytes exhibited increased cholesterol storage and Notch signaling. CellChat analysis highlighted monocytes' central role in immune regulation, with distinct interactions via MIF, galectin, and TGF\u2010\u03b2 pathways in PCa and BPH. These findings reveal unique immune microenvironments and transcriptional heterogeneity between PCa and BPH, offering potential biomarkers for differentiation and insights into prostate pathology mechanisms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gcc.70051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,10]],"date-time":"2025-05-10T08:09:13Z","timestamp":1746864553000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Single\u2010Cell Profiling of Mononuclear Cells Identifies Transcriptomics Signatures Differentiating Prostate Cancer From Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"64","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5995-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kadriia","family":"Enikeeva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Urology and Clinical Oncology, Bashkir State Medical University  Ufa 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