{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T22:16:58Z","timestamp":1791411418509,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,14]],"date-time":"2018-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1523664000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":13,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fired bricks are used for construction purposes over the millennia, going back to the Indus Valley Civilization. The traditional brick\u2010making process involves removal of agriculturally productive topsoil rich in clay and soil organic matter contents. In addition to the removal of the fertile topsoil and accelerated degradation by other processes, the traditional clay brick making process also emits CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and other gases into the atmosphere. Therefore, the present study aims to assess the impact of brick making in India on: (i) the magnitude of annual CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> emission and (ii) the loss of agricultural production. Currently, 0.7 Mha (million hectare) of agricultural land is under brick kilns that produce \u2248250 billion bricks annually. It is estimated that soil organic carbon lost through the firing process of 250 billion bricks is 5.58\u20136.12 Tg (teragram) (20.48\u201322.46 Tg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>), and in conjunction with clay burning and coal combustion the process releases 40.65\u201342.64 Tg CO<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> into the atmosphere per annum. Brick kiln also impacts quality of the exposed subsoil, and may also reduce 60\u201390% agronomic yield. Therefore, brick making from topsoil exacerbates food and nutritional insecurity by degrading soil quality, and increases risks of climate change through increase in gaseous emissions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201700115","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,15]],"date-time":"2018-04-15T01:18:05Z","timestamp":1523755085000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Fired Bricks: CO<sub>2<\/sub> Emission and Food Insecurity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"2","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6453-5595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arun Jyoti","family":"Nath","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Assam University  Silchar 788011 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rattan","family":"Lal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carbon Management and Sequestration Center Ohio State University  Columbus OH 43210 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashesh Kumar","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Environmental Science Assam University  Silchar 788011 India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_5_1_1","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division: World Urbanization Prospects 2017."},{"key":"e_1_2_5_2_1","volume-title":"Degraded and Wastelands of India: Status and Spatial Distribution","author":"Indian Council of Agricultural Research","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_3_1","volume-title":"Government of India, Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare","author":"State of Indian Agriculture 2015\u201316","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_5_4_1","first-page":"222","volume":"3","author":"Kumar S.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. 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