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To investigate the effects of metal fume\u2010derived zinc oxide (ZnO) and copper oxide (CuO) particles on airway immune responses, human THP\u20101\u2010derived macrophages are exposed in vitro to the bacterial pathogen\u2010associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic Acid (LTA), or peptidoglycan (PGN), together with particle suspensions. Particles are generated through metal inert gas (MIG) soldering. Spectrometric and microscopic analysis confirms CuO and ZnO as main components. Macrophage\n                    <jats:italic>IL\u20106<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>TNF<\/jats:italic>\n                    mRNAs are quantified by qPCR and secreted protein levels by electrochemiluminescent multi\u2010spot assay. A dose\u2010dependent increase in macrophage TNF and IL\u20106 mRNA (4 h) and protein (24 h) levels following exposure to PAMPs is significantly inhibited by 2 \u00b5g mL\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    CuO\/ZnO particles (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5). Additionally, CuO\/ZnO particles significantly inhibit TNF protein expression in unstimulated macrophages, while IL\u20106 protein levels are unaffected (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 5). The presented in vitro immunotoxicity approach may extend existing new approach methodology (NAM) elements for chemical risk assessment and possibly exposure limit evaluation refinements. These findings implicate that CuO\/ZnO particles suppress macrophage proinflammatory responses to PAMPs, potentially compromising lung immunity, underlining current vaccine recommendations and efforts for preventive occupational health guidelines.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202400302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]],"date-time":"2024-12-31T04:59:55Z","timestamp":1735621195000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Occupationally Relevant Zinc\u2010 and Copper\u2010Containing Metal Fumes Inhibit Human THP\u20101 Macrophage TNF and IL\u20106 Responses to Bacterial Stimuli"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9672-5713","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Steffens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine (ITM) Medical School Hamburg (MSH)  20457 Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Michael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katharina","family":"Kuth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Hygiene and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5776-5619","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henner","family":"Hollert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity Faculty Biological Sciences Goethe University Frankfurt  60438 Frankfurt Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Du Marchie Sarvaas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4078-1094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrijana","family":"Nesic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine (ITM) Medical School Hamburg (MSH)  20457 Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9747-3776","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Kraus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralf","family":"Baumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Translational Medicine (ITM) Medical School Hamburg (MSH)  20457 Hamburg Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Occupational, Social and Environmental Medicine Medical Faculty University Hospital RWTH Aachen University  52074 Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072552"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201907476"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2009.051086"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"201","volume":"60","author":"Wittczak T.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. 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