{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T16:57:05Z","timestamp":1778864225901,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763078400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82125007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82125007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    This randomized crossover trial investigates the effects of blue light defocus display technology on refractive status, axial length (AL), retinal blood flow, and visual function in adults. Twenty\u2010one participants completed all four interventions: 0D, 1D, 2D defocus, and 1D defocus with 30 % blue light filtering (1D+BLF) in a randomized order during standardized visual tasks. Pre\u2010 and post\u2010task assessments include refraction, AL, choroidal thickness (ChT), retinal defocus, reading efficiency, and visual fatigue. Results demonstrate that 1D defocus reduces spherical equivalent refraction (SER) (\u22124.35 \u00b1 2.66 D to \u22124.21 \u00b1 2.66 D,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.045) and increases ChT (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.003), while 1D+BLF induces axial elongation (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.026). Both 1D and 2D defocus are linked to increased ChT, whereas 0D and 1D+BLF groups exhibited hyperopic defocus trends. Reading speed and efficiency improve in the 1D group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.05), while visual fatigue and blink frequency increase significantly in the 0D group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001). Linear regression identifies correlations between defocus and changes in choroidal volume, near convergence, and fusional reserves. These findings suggest blue light defocus technology may help mitigate hyperopic defocus, influence retinal perfusion, and alleviate visual fatigue, supporting its potential role in myopia prevention. Further validation in diverse populations and long\u2010term studies is warranted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202500222","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]],"date-time":"2025-11-14T10:47:33Z","timestamp":1763117253000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Blue Light Defocus Induces A Positive Effect on Refractive Status and Ocular Health: A Randomized Crossover Trial"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Jinfang","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ze\u2010Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Eye Hospital and School of Ophthalmology and Optometry Wenzhou Medical University  Wenzhou Zhejiang China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jason C.","family":"Yam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Eye Hospital  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Prince of Wales Hospital  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology Hong Kong Children's Hospital  Hong Kong China"},{"name":"Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence The Chinese University of Hong Kong  Hong Kong China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0515-698X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zi\u2010Bing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology Beijing Tongren Eye Center Beijing Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Sciences Key Laboratory Beijing Tongren Hospital Capital Medical University  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-020-00231-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2018.01.033"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.24162","article-title":"Effect of Low\u2010Concentration Atropine Eyedrops vs Placebo on Myopia Incidence in Children","volume":"329","author":"Yam J. 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