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Experimental results demonstrate a thrust of over 1 N at input powers ranging from 0.1 to 1 kW across varying discharge frequencies. Optical emission spectroscopy reveals strong emission at 777.1\u00a0nm corresponding to atomic oxygen, along with spectral features of CO and CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    , confirming the effective dissociation of CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    within the plasma. These findings support the viability of propulsion systems as multifunctional platforms for future Mars missions, enabling both aerial\/ground mobility and human habitats without stored propellant gas.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202500325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T06:41:31Z","timestamp":1767940891000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Toward Building Sustainable Mars Infrastructure: A CO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    \u2010Breathing Plasma Thruster for Orbit Maintenance and In Situ Oxygen Generation"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4028-6851","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anmol","family":"Taploo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro\u2010Propulsion and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guru Sankar","family":"Duppada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro\u2010Propulsion and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Keidar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Micro\u2010Propulsion and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering George Washington University Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201970011"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010017\u201002269\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010024\u201054012\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adc9850"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586\u2010021\u201004015\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2024.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"X.Chen A.Pikalev V.Guerra G.\u2010J.Zhang andR.Van De Sanden \u201cSynergy for the Plasma\u2010Based Co2Conversion with the Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell \u201d in2024 IEEE International Conference on Plasma Science (ICOPS)(IEEE 2024) https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/ICOPS58192.2024.10627108.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOPS58192.2024.10627108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24086899"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actaastro.2024.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abp8636"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11214\u2010020\u201000782\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","volume-title":"Atmospheric Breathing Electric Thruster for Planetary Exploration","author":"Hruby V.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"T. 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