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Specifically, the second and third layers of the mask fabric were coated with a chloroform extract of\n                    <jats:italic>Boswellia serrata<\/jats:italic>\n                    to impart layer\u2010specific functionality. The functionalized mask fabrics underwent rigorous analysis, including Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X\u2010ray (EDX) Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and wettability measurements, confirming the successful incorporation of the extract. The contact killing assay demonstrated a highly effective dual\u2010action defense system. The extract\u2010coated second layer exhibited a rapid, but transient, antimicrobial effect, showing excellent inhibition within one hour (92% against\n                    <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 86% against\n                    <jats:italic>E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), though this effect diminished significantly by eight hours. In contrast, the third layer provided a prolonged and sustained antimicrobial effect, maintaining high inhibition even after eight hours (100% against\n                    <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>K. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and 90% against\n                    <jats:italic>E. aerogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). Maximum killing efficiency was observed at four hours for both layers. This innovative application of layer\u2010specific engineering offers enhanced and prolonged protection against airborne pathogens, marking a significant leap in mask technology.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202500328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T04:59:22Z","timestamp":1763614762000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vitro Assessment of\n                    <i>Boswellia serrata<\/i>\n                    Incorporated N95 Mask Layers \u2010Specific Efficacy Comparison."],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6796-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aiswarya K.","family":"Raj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  India"},{"name":"AMRITA Lab Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raichal B.","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Geetha B.","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayalekshmi","family":"Haripriyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amrita School of Biotechnology Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  Amritapuri Kollam Kerala 690525 India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9046-8461","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamalam S.","family":"Rajni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AMRITA Lab Amrita School of Engineering Coimbatore Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  India"},{"name":"Department of Physics Amrita School of Physical Sciences Coimbatore Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham  India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_1_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioactmat.2020.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h694"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/irv.12474"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crbiot.2019.07.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"2020","volume":"11","author":"Gopal V.","year":"2021","journal-title":"bioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adfm.202004615"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c17445"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.0c03504"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.0c16754"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2018.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2017.03.046"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8423-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0803-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00014-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05065"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01483-21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-018-0852-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume":"12","author":"Vithal Patil Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. 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