{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T14:43:02Z","timestamp":1786977782928,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":4,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The presented work explores diesel pilot injection (PI) mode with a prime objective of resolving the inherent problem of increased smoke emissions associated with it. The problem of greater smoke emissions under PI mode was addressed by using methanol and a cetane enhancer (CE) with the base fuel. PI mode was investigated by varying pilot injection timing (PIT) as well as pilot injection ratio (PIR) using B30 (30% Biodiesel + 70% Diesel) as a base fuel and single injection (SI) mode with the base fuel served as a reference condition. The biodiesel for the presented study was derived from the waste cooking oil using standard transesterfication process. Methanol was added by 10% volume into B30 to prepare M10 blend and A1 blend was prepared by adding 0.5% volume of di\u2010tert\u2010butyl peroxide (DTBP) which is a CE into M10 blend. Experiments were performed using an automotive diesel engine which was operated at rated torque speed (1600\u00a0rpm) and 90% of full load conditions. The results demonstrated that A1 blend with 10% PIR and \u221230\u00b0 after top dead center PIT improved fuel consumption and thermal efficiency by 8.77% and 13.77% respectively compared to reference condition along with offering reduction in carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NO\n                    <jats:sub>x<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and hydrocarbons (HC) emissions by 66.66%, 6.43%, and 8.11% respectively while increasing smoke emissions just by 2.65%.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.202500546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,8]],"date-time":"2026-03-08T13:58:56Z","timestamp":1772978336000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Experimental Analysis of Combustion and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine Using Diesel\u2010Biodiesel\u2010Methanol Blends With Cetane Enhancer Additive Under Pilot Injection Mode"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Hiren","family":"Dave","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering Department Pandit Deendayal Energy University  Gandhinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Himanshu","family":"Choksi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Department Pandit Deendayal Energy University  Gandhinagar India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Choon Kit","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering and Quantity Surveying INTI International University  Nilai Negeri Sembilan 71800 Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohd Aamir","family":"Mumtaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Civil Engineering Department Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)  Riyadh Saudi 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