{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T14:58:16Z","timestamp":1790607496242,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lithium is a much in\u2010demand element that is critical for the transition toward low\u2010carbon energy systems. Beyond hard\u2010rock mining, large quantities of lithium are extracted from brines of high\u2010Andean salars (\n                    <jats:italic>salares<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). The functioning of these microbial ecosystems depends on a delicate equilibrium between mineralogy, water, physical conditions, and microbial life. They are polyextreme environments where life thrives under limiting conditions. In the Salar de Atacama, Chile, lithium is generally extracted through sequential brine evaporation, where lithium is enriched from \u223c0.2 to \u223c6% w\/w. This process has been associated with significant environmental and social consequences, leading to growing interest in implementing new processes, such as direct lithium extraction (DLE), promoted as \u2018environmentally friendly\u2019 alternatives. However, this involves the use of chemical reagents and the reinjection of treated brines into the salar, which may have ecological implications that have not yet been fully evaluated. Here, we analyse the main DLE techniques and their potential consequences for microorganisms at community and cellular levels. We argue that DLE technologies, though presented as sustainable alternatives, could potentially have environmental impacts and that current lithium extraction practices continue to conflict with several Sustainable Development Goals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.70119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T06:11:16Z","timestamp":1788934276000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Threats and Shifts in Microbial Communities of Salars Associated With Direct Lithium Extraction and Brine Reinjection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Carolina F.","family":"Cubillos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana Instituto Antofagasta y Centro de Bioingenier\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda (CeBiB) Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Aguilar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana Instituto Antofagasta y Centro de Bioingenier\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda (CeBiB) Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Dorador","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Complejidad Microbiana Instituto Antofagasta y Centro de Bioingenier\u00eda y Biotecnolog\u00eda (CeBiB) Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Departamento de Biotecnolog\u00eda Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Recursos Biol\u00f3gicos Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"},{"name":"Centro de Astrof\u00edsica y Tecnolog\u00edas Afines (CATA) Universidad de Antofagasta Antofagasta Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s43017\u2010022\u201000387\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0012\u20108252(03)00037\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","unstructured":"R.Del BarcoandG.Foladori \u201cNanotechnology and Lithium: A Window of Opportunity for Bolivia? Advances and challenges \u201d inEconomic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings of the 6th International Scientific Conference on Economic and Social Development and 3rd Eastern European ESD Conference: Business Continuity(Varazdin Development and Entrepreneurship Agency 2014):283."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467\u2010025\u201057270\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Lithium and Natural Calcium Chloride: Their Deposits, Processing, Uses and Properties","author":"Garrett D. 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