{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T07:42:43Z","timestamp":1792395763949,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Global Challenges"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The sandalwood industry remains constrained by destructive, time\u2010intensive assays for essential oil (EO) yield, composition, moisture content, and wood fraction, which limit real\u2010time decision\u2010making. We report a unified near\u2010infrared spectroscopy\u2010artificial intelligence (NIRS\u2010AI) platform for non\u2010destructive analytics across the\n                    <jats:italic>Santalum album<\/jats:italic>\n                    L. value chain. Reflectance and transmittance spectra from solid matrices (disks, logs, chips, and powders), oils, ethanol extracts, and CID\u2010derived emulsions were acquired using benchtop (400\u20132500\u00a0nm) and portable (900\u20131700\u00a0nm) spectrometers and calibrated against hydrodistillation, gas chromatography, extraction, and moisture assays. Advanced chemometric modelling using AI\u2010based machine learning techniques, including regularised regression, ensemble learning, boosting algorithms, and neural networks, was used to capture nonlinear spectral\u2013property relationships and benchmark application\u2010specific predictive performance. Independent external validation yielded\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    values of 0.97 for EO yield, 0.96 and 0.94 for \u03b1\u2010 and \u03b2\u2010santalol, 0.99 for the heartwood\u2010sapwood ratio, 0.86 for oil moisture, 0.98 for ethanol extract yield, and 0.94 for portable emulsion\u2010yield prediction. NIRS also outperformed visible spectra for classifying heartwood, sapwood, inner and outer bark, and transition wood. \u0394\n                    <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    analysis showed that ensemble models were comparatively robust to preprocessing variation, whereas linear models were more sensitive to changes in the variance structure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.70137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T10:35:03Z","timestamp":1785494103000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Validated Near\u2010Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometric Modelling for Rapid Quantification of Essential Oil Yield and \u03b1\/\u03b2\u2010Santalol in\n                    <i>Santalum Album<\/i>\n                    L."],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Hassnain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Edith Cowan University (ECU)  Joondalup Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Rizwan","family":"Azhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering Edith Cowan University (ECU)  Joondalup Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13205\u2010025\u201004218\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Near Infrared Spectroscopy as a Rapid Method for Sandalwood Oil Determination","volume":"23","author":"Wedding B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sandalwood Research Newsletter"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870\u2010019\u20101720\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10709\u2010025\u201000251\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6565-3_26"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20426445231221066"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Mini\u2010Review of Santalum Album L. (Santalaceae)","volume":"8","author":"Mohsenzadeh S.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eurasian Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-16-6565-3_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","first-page":"97","volume-title":"Sandalwood: Silviculture, Conservation and Applications","author":"Anoop E. V.","year":"2022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.961391"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2022.120921"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5004\/dwt.2011.2723"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452\u2010024\u201006337\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","volume-title":"Indian Sandalwood: A Compendium","author":"Rahula V. T. 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