{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:13:39Z","timestamp":1700352819467},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,24]],"date-time":"2002-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1019606400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Genetic Epidemiology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Incidence of breast cancer (BC) varies among ethnic groups, with higher rates in white than in African\u2010American women. Until now, most epidemiological and genetic studies have been carried out in white women. To investigate whether interactions between genetic and reproductive risk factors may explain part of the ethnic disparity in BC incidence, a genetic epidemiology study was conducted, between 1989 and 1994, at the Howard University Cancer Center (Washington, DC), which led to the recruitment of 245 African\u2010American families. Segregation analysis of BC was performed by use of the class D regressive logistic model that allows for censored data to account for a variable age of onset of disease, as implemented in the REGRESS program. Segregation analysis of BC was consistent with a putative dominant gene effect (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.000001) and residual sister\u2010dependence (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &lt; 0.0001). This putative gene was found to interact significantly with age at menarche (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.048), and an interaction with a history of spontaneous abortions was suggested (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.08). A late age at menarche increased BC risk in gene carriers but had a protective effect in non\u2010gene carriers. A history of spontaneous abortions had a protective effect in gene carriers and increased BC risk in non\u2010gene carriers. Our findings agree partially with a similar analysis of French families showing a significant gene \u00d7 parity interaction and a suggestive gene \u00d7 age at menarche interaction. Investigating gene \u00d7 risk factor interactions in different populations may have important implications for further biological investigations and for BC risk assessment. Genet. Epidemiol. 22:285\u2013297, 2002. \u00a9 2002 Wiley\u2010Liss, Inc.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.0171","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,8,25]],"date-time":"2002-08-25T23:24:15Z","timestamp":1030317855000},"page":"285-297","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Interactions between genetic and reproductive factors in breast cancer risk in a population\u2010based sample of African\u2010American families"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Val\u00e9rie","family":"Chaudru","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Laing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgia M.","family":"Dunston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucile L.","family":"Adams\u2010Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosemary","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John J.","family":"Lynch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lasalle D.","family":"Leffall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Dewitty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Barry L.","family":"Gause","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George E.","family":"Bonney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Florence","family":"Demenais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2002,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370070602"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","first-page":"1793","article-title":"Familiality of breast cancer and socioeconomic status in blacks","volume":"51","author":"Amos CI","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/515507"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2531211"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0215(19971104)73:3<349::AID-IJC8>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/88.6.365"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/318187"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","first-page":"773","article-title":"Regressive logistic models for familial diseases: a formulation assuming an underlying liability model","volume":"49","author":"Demenais FM","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","first-page":"291","article-title":"REGRESS: a computer program including the regressive approach into the LINKAGE programs","volume":"11","author":"Demenais FM","year":"1994","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"Sampling considerations in the gathering and analysis of pedigree data","volume":"31","author":"Elston RC","year":"1979","journal-title":"Am J Hum Genet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000152448"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-1809.1995.tb00747.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.284.5418.1354"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/81691"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1846","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)04336-6","article-title":"Pregnancy and risk of early breast cancer in carriers of BRCA1 and BRCA2","volume":"1354","author":"Jernstr\u00f6m H","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036118"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","first-page":"931","article-title":"Breast cancer risk factors in African\u2010American women: the Howard University Tumor Registry Experience","volume":"85","author":"Laing AE","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"964","article-title":"Family history as a modifier of breast cancer risk factors","volume":"136","author":"Malone KE","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116465"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7545954"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","unstructured":"MillerBA Gloeckler RiesLA HankeyBF.1993.Annual cancer statistics review. 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