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Thirty\u2010nine of the women were siblings of patients with postmenopausal\u2010onset breast cancer; the remaining women were age matched (\u00b1 10 yr) controls. Our hypothesis was that the siblings of the breast cancer patients would weigh more and that this excess weight would lead to higher serum estrone levels. The choice of unaffected family members of breast cancer patients reduces the concern that results may have been influenced by the cancer rather than antecedent to its development. Our findings demonstrated a statistically significant excess estrone level in the siblings compared to the controls (58.9 vs 47.8 pg\/ml, P=0.005). The siblings weighed 4.3 kg more than the controls. Matched pairs analysis (sibling\u2014control), adjusting for weight, also showed significant differences in serum estrone levels. These differences were observed despite comparability in dietary intake, medication use, and personal medical history. These findings represent the first time that higher estrogen levels have been measured in siblings of postmenopausal breast cancer patients. This observation may represent an important link in our understanding of the relationship between genetic and environmental risk factors of breast cancer. One approach to subsequent genetic studies of breast cancer may be to focus on the possible biological determinants such as sex\u2010steroid hormone level receptors, oncogenes, and gene products and not on the \u201cfamilial aggregation\u201d of breast cancer.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.1370040402","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,6,11]],"date-time":"2005-06-11T21:45:22Z","timestamp":1118526322000},"page":"233-247","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Endogenous sex hormone levels and breast cancer risk"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Lisa","family":"Begg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lewis H.","family":"Kuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P.","family":"Gutai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlene G.","family":"Caggiula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Wolmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles G.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. 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